Phenol removal from aqueous environments by natural & chemically modified kaolin clay

Natural, acid and base modified kaolin clays were studied for the sake of phenol and 4-chlorophenol removal from aqueous environments and their application to real ground and industrial wastewater samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Surface area analysis were employed for characterization of the adsorbents microstructure. Operating factors such as adsorbent dose, solution pH, initial phenol concentration, and contact time were studied. The experimental data displayed that the increase of the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH value from 2 to 7 increases the efficiency of the removal process. Optimal conditions for phenolic removal were; contact time of 300 min, primary phenol solution of 25 mg/L, pH 7 and 2.5 g/L as an appropriate adsorbent dose using crude (natural), acid modified and base modified kaolin clays. The higher phenolic removal efficiencies were obtained at 5 mg/L as 90, 97, 96.2%, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previously mentioned order. The adsorption capacity in the removal of phenol and 4-chlorophenol were 7.481 and 4.195, 8.2942 and 3.211, and 8.05185 and 18.565 mg/g, respectively, for the adsorbents in the same mentioned order. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted and analyzed with four isotherm models, namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm equations. The adsorption process of phenol on studied adsorbents was exothermic, spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable proved by the negative values of their thermodynamic parameters ΔH° and ΔG°. The correlation coefficient (R²) for all concentrations was higher than 0.94, which indicates that in the studied system, the data suitably fit the first-order kinetics. The % desorption capacity was amounted to 96%, 91.11%, and 87.06% of adsorbed phenol, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previous order using 0.1N NaOH and 10% V/V ethanol solutions as eluents at 25°C, indicating the reusability of the adsorbents. Kaolin and its modified forms can be introduced as eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbents in water remediation implementation.     

水陆两栖飞机起落架水环境适应性验证要求与方法

通过水浸润、水冲击、结冰、海洋腐蚀等水环境对起落架的影响及其损伤失效模式的分析研究,提出了水陆两栖飞机起落架水环境验证要求。综合考虑环境适应性验证规范、标准的合理选用和剪裁,建立了水陆两栖飞机起落架水环境试验验证方法,涵盖静水密试验、连续水冲击试验、泥沙水试验、结冰试验以及海洋环境腐蚀试验的条件和方法,以期为水陆两栖飞机起落架的环境适应性设计与验证提供支持。     

微生物处理土壤石油污染的研究进展

利用微生物治理土壤石油污染，是当前应用前景最看好的处理方法，文章对此方面的研究情况作了系统的汇总。现有的研究工作可分为4大类：污染现状评价，影响因素识别，降烃微生物研究，生物促进机制研究。在分别对每类研究中的不同方面进行介绍的基础上，分析了现有研究中存在的不足，并对今后的研究趋势作了预测和展望。     

微囊藻毒素毒理学研究综述

微囊藻毒素常见于富营养化的水体中，结构是单环多肽链，其中均含有特殊的必要需活性氨基酸基团。ＭＣＹＳＴ的化学性质稳定，但可被生物降解和ＵＶ光解。利福平等化学保护剂可预防其毒作用。该文就ＭＣＹＳＴ的理化性质，暴露剂量，毒作用及机理，预防等各方面的研究，作一综述。     

30年来中国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放

民航是我国重要的交通运输方式之一,但我国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放问题报道较少.根据中国民航统计部门逐年统计数据,采用基于燃料消耗量的排放因子法,估算了1980～2009年中国民航飞机的大气污染物排放量,并分析了大气污染物排放强度及其变化.结果表明,30年来中国民航飞机SO2、CO、NOx和HC排放量逐年增多,分别由1980年的0.031、0.189、0.225和0.314万t增至2009年的1.183、7.298、8.705和12.159万t,排放量年均增加分别为0.039 7、0.245、0.292和0.408万t.SO2、CO、NOx和HC的排放强度呈降低趋势,其值分别由1980年的0.624、3.806、4.53和6.322 g.(t.km)-1降至2009年的0.275、1.697、2.025和2.828 g.(t.km)-1.中国民航运输行业所排放的SO2、CO、NOx占全国总排放量的比重很低,与其他行业排放量相比,中国民航运输行业所排放的大气污染物量也较小.     

长三角地区民航飞机起飞着陆(LTO)循环大气污染物排放清单

通过调查收集长三角区域民航飞机构成、起落架次及发动机排放因子数据,以2017年为基准年,建立了长三角区域民航飞机起飞着陆(Land take-off, LTO)循环大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2017年长三角区域民航飞机LTO循环NO_x、HC、CO、SO_2和PM年排放总量分别为16429.6、734.4、8234.3、1159.6和125.7 t.爬升阶段的NO_x、SO_2和PM排放贡献相对较高,分别达到47.2%、29.6%和36.2%,滑行阶段的HC和CO排放占比突出,分别达到95.4%和95.4%.从空间分布来看,长三角地区民航飞机LTO循环排放主要集中在上海浦东国际机场、上海虹桥机场、杭州萧山机场和南京禄口机场.从月分布来看,3—8月民航飞机LTO循环排放最为集中.从小时分布来看,上午7:00—9:00存在排放高峰,航班起落架次和边界层高度是决定LTO循环排放量的主要因素.为提升民航飞机大气污染物排放清单估算的准确度,建议在后续研究中加强对在用民航飞机大气污染物排放因子实测和实际活动水平的调查,以降低排放清单的不确定性.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

珠江口海域污染及其研究趋势

珠江口海域陆源污染物逐年增加,海洋环境污染问题越来越严重,珠江口已成为我国近岸污染最严重的海域之一,污染正在成为制约该地区经济发展的负面因素.为有效开展珠江口海域综合整治,实现珠江三角洲区域经济的可持续发展,作者从珠江口海域的实际情况出发,就如何解决向海洋排污和防止海域污染的问题、该海域当前应当首先确定的环境保护科学优先研究领域和应该重点关注的问题等进行了深入研究和探讨.     

典型飞机内腔结构腐蚀原因分析及防腐改进

以典型飞机平尾大轴为例,分析了内腔结构发生腐蚀的主要原因.围绕内腔结构防腐改进技术措施开展深入研究,研制成功了适用于细长内腔无气喷涂设备.应用SLF重防腐涂层和IMR纳米复合涂层替代现有内腔结构防护涂层,提高了防腐涂层抗环境腐蚀性能.采用DL-609厌氧胶对平尾大轴进行密封处理,有效地阻隔了腐蚀介质进入内腔.按照所建立的方法对典型飞机平尾大轴实施了腐蚀修理与防护处理.检查结果表明,内腔表面防腐状况有了明显改善.     

森林土壤种子库研究进展

土壤种子库与物种多样性存在密切相关性,森林土壤种子库是植被天然更新的物质基础。文章阐述了森林土壤种子库的内涵、森林生态系统土壤种子库的基本特征及其主要研究方法,探讨了影响种子库的基本因素及当前极为关注的热点问题。在受损森林生态系统目标树种培养、植被群落快速恢复和生态系统科学管理等领域仍存在一些理论和实践急待解决的问题,如随着群落进展演替土壤种子库种子数量在增加而质量却在逐渐下降,面临如何解决生态系统健康稳定发育和物种多样性长期维持问题。文章认为今后应加强土壤种子库与生物多样性保护、防止外来物种入侵乡土物种利用及对全球变化的响应等领域的研究工作,以期为从事森林土壤种子库研究和退化森林植被群落恢复实践提供理论指导。