An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

黄土高原地表温度变化的时空格局

地表温度是表征大气底层和陆地表层之间热量状况的重要指标,地表温度的变化受地表反照率、蒸散发、地表粗糙度等因素的影响。利用MODIS数据中的地表温度、地表反照率和蒸散发数据产品,分析了2000~2013年黄土高原生长季地表温度变化的时空格局,探究了地表温度变化与地表反照率和蒸散发之间的关系。结果显示,2000~2013年,黄土高原地表反照率由2000年的0.178下降到2013年的0.146,年际下降速率为0.0015/a;蒸散发量由314.33mm增加到455.24mm,年际增加速率为6.56mm/a;日地表温度呈波动降温趋势,幅度为-0.16℃/a;夜地表温度有升高的趋势,但不显著,幅度为0.035℃/a;昼夜温差减少显著,幅度为-0.2℃/a,温度变化显著的区域集中于黄土高原中部地区。地表温度与地表反照率和蒸散发量之间相关性显示,日地表温度与地表反照率呈正相关关系,与蒸散发量呈负相关关系,在山西西部、陕西北部和甘肃南部区呈极显著相关关系,且日地表温度与蒸散发的相关性强于与地表反照率的相关性,夜地表温度的变化与地表反照率和蒸散发不具有显著相关性,因此,受退耕还林工程的影响,研究区蒸散发增加是引起地表温度降低的重要原因。     

长江三角洲地区大气顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫遥感估算

利用MODIS和OMI卫星遥感数据估算长江三角洲地区大气顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫并分析其时空变化特征.结果表明了大气顶辐射强迫和气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)存在明显的线性相关关系,R和RMSE分别为0.89和5.50.大气顶辐射强迫的区域月平均变化范围大约在-10~-70W/m2之间,一年中最大值(-53.97±6.14W/m2)和AOT一样出现在6月,最小值(-16.41±2.10W/m2)出现在12月.4个季节的大小依次是:夏季(-44.30±9.09W/m2)>春季(-42.00±7.83W/m2)>秋季(-28.02±6.32W/m2)>冬季(-20.40±5.00W/m2).在6 月,大气顶气溶胶辐射强迫空间差异最明显,在太湖沿岸的城市地区,如上海、杭州,辐射强迫可达-70W/m2,而在千岛湖地区大约为-10W/m2.在12月,空间差异最小,北部城市地区大约为-20 W/m2;南部地区大约为-10 W/m2.     

干旱区黑碳沉降积雪反照率及雪粒径模拟研究

在以往研究基础上,利用单点实测数据驱动雪、冰及气溶胶辐射（SNICAR）区域物理模型,将微观数据与遥感的宏观技术相结合对积雪反照率与雪粒径进行数值模拟及反演.研究表明：积雪反照率会随着太阳天顶角的增大而增加,且在近红外波段的影响更加明显;在不同雪粒径、黑炭浓度下,积雪反照率都随着雪粒径、黑炭浓度的增大而减小,且颗粒越小的雪粒,粒径的减小对反照率的影响更为明显,而黑炭主要是对可见光波段有显著作用;利用SNICAR模型与MODIS数据反演北疆地区雪粒径,其精度可达0.749,实现了单点雪粒径向面状雪粒径的尺度转换.本研究揭示了干旱区季节性积雪中,气溶胶粒子存在情况下的积雪反照率连续变化特征,有效提高了积雪中雪粒径的反演精度,为积雪中气溶胶粒子对气候产生的辐射胁迫模拟提供了技术支持.     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川雪冰中不溶性有机碳含量及其辐射强迫研究

为了研究雪冰中不溶性有机碳(Water-insoluble Organic Carbon,WISOC)的含量及其辐射强迫作用,于2012年7月和8月对青藏高原南部纳木错流域扎当冰川90个表层雪冰样品中WISOC的含量进行了分析,采样期间利用地物光谱仪实地测量了反照率.结果表明,在消融季节(7—8月),扎当冰川表面被裸冰、老雪和新雪覆盖,以上3种消融情形下WISOC的平均含量分别为(1618.4±1236.0)、(432.3±329.7)和(183.7±158.0)ng·g-1,雪冰的融化导致WISOC等吸光性物质在冰川表面的富集,降低了冰川表面反照率.通过SNICAR模型(Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiative Modle)敏感性分析表明,3种情形下WISOC降低雪冰表面反照率(贡献率)分别为0.0020(6.8%)、0.0018(7.4%)和0.0010(2.1%),对应的WISOC的辐射强迫分别为1.14、1.34和0.81 W·m-2.平均地,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响超过了黑碳(BC)影响的20%,而在新雪覆盖条件下,WISOC对辐射强迫的影响甚至达到了粉尘影响的72.3%.因此,虽然雪冰中的WISOC的吸光能力相对于BC较弱,但所引起的雪冰表面反照率降低及冰川消融等效应不容忽视.     

Disturbance of light-absorbing aerosols on the albedo in a winter snowpack of Central Tibet

A field observation on the albedo of the snowpack in Central Tibet was conducted in the Nam Co region in the winter of 2011. Snow properties, including grain size and density, were measured in the field, and surface-layer snow samples (down to 5 cm) were collected. The average concentrations of black carbon and dust were 72 ppbm (close to that in the glaciers of Mt. Nyainqentanglha) and 120 ppmm, respectively. Inverse trends were found to exist between the albedo of the snowpack and light-absorbing aerosols (LAAs) as well as grain size growth. Modeling showed that black carbon, dust, and grain growth in the winter snowpack can reduce the broadband albedo by 11%, 28%, and 61%, respectively.     

用紫外辐射反演气溶胶单次散射反照率的方法研究

利用紫外辐射监测资料,结合对流层紫外与可见光辐射传输模式,反演气溶胶单次散射反照率(SSA).敏感性试验和误差分析表明:紫外辐照度对SSA敏感;气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)对反演SSA的误差影响最大,波长指数次之,地表反照率和其他因素的影响较小.使用该方法计算的珠三角地区的气溶胶单次散射反照率为0.84~0.99,平均值为0.92,与以往研究相比具有较好的一致性.     

WATER YIELD INCREASES THROUGH SURFACE DUSTING OF A PERMANENT ICEFIELD1

ABSTRACT: Water yields from a permanent icefield were increased by 28 percent through surface dusting with carbon black. On July 4, 1972, approximately 15 acres (60,700 m²) of a permanent icefield were treated with 150 lbs. per acre (16.8 g/m²) of commercial carbon black. The icefield was located on the eastern slope of the Colorado Front Range at an elevation of 11,500 feet (3500 m). The carbon black was applied by helicopter using a dry applicator slung below a helicopter. The treatment effect was evaluated by control plot observations of melt and streamflow comparison before and after treatment. The ablation plot studies and runoff comparison with an adjacent watershed both indicated a 28 percent increase in ablation and meltwater runoff, respectively, for the months of July and August. The study indicates icefields could be used as cold-storage reservoirs for use in periods of critical water shortages.     

地表反照率动态参数化方案研究——以玉米农田为例

利用2006-2008年锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站的通量、气象及生物因子观测资料研究了地表反照率(α)的动态参数化方案。结果表明:α与太阳高度角(h_θ)呈对数关系,与表层土壤湿度(SWC)呈对数或线性关系,与叶面积指数(LAI)呈指数或线性关系。非生长季,h_θ与SWC为α的主要影响因子,与α分别呈对数和线性关系时α的模拟精度明显好于其他关系,除初春外,大部时段的α模拟误差都较小。生长季,α主要受h_θ、SWC和LAI的影响。采用α分别与h_θ、SWC和LAI呈对数、线性和指数关系时α的模拟精度较高,受资料限制,大部分时段的α被明显低估,玉米营养生长阶段的模拟精度更差。引入植被覆盖度(F_veg)对裸土和植被分别赋权重所建立的α动态参数化模型,在生长季内α的模拟误差明显减小,营养生长时段α的模拟精度显著提高。该研究将为陆面过程模型提供动态的植被反照率参数,从而可提高模拟的准确性。     

青海高原季节性降雪中的黑碳气溶胶

对青海高原2012年季节性降雪进行采集.6个采样点集中在青海高原东南部地区,共包括36袋雪样.从分析结果可知,青海高原东南部地区季节性降雪中含有较多的沙尘,滤膜颜色多为土黄色.6个采样点雪中的黑碳浓度为(184±123)ng/g,表层雪的黑碳浓度范围是59~238ng/g,平均值为152ng/g.通过后向轨迹聚类分析知道气流主要来自南亚和青藏高原地区,有少部分是来自塔克拉玛干沙漠和戈壁地区.