厌氧折流板反应器处理糖蜜酒精废水的研究

为探究厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)对糖蜜酒精实际废水的处理效果,该实验采用已成功处理人工模拟糖蜜酒精废水的ABR,研究了该反应器处理糖蜜酒精工业废水过程中COD和SO42-的去除效果,以及各隔室VFA、pH和S2-的分布规律。实验结果表明,反应器处理糖蜜酒精工业废水,在30 d内达到稳定,COD和SO42-负荷分别为4.8 kg/(m3.d)和0.32 kg/(m3.d),COD和SO42-的去除率分别为83%和98%。反应器内各隔室挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度变化规律与pH值变化规律一致,各隔室硫化物(S2-)浓度较低,其中第4、5隔室的S2-浓度低于40 mg/L。反应器内微生物菌群仍能保持处理模拟废水时形成的多相(产酸硫酸盐还原相和生成硫单质产甲烷相)分离特征,保证了ABR对实际工业废水的处理效率。     

玉米发酵酒精废水厌氧处理产沼气发电研究

以河南某酒精生产企业为例,研究玉米发酵酒精废水厌氧处理产沼气发电系统工艺可行性和环境经济效益。结果表明:经"两级厌氧+好氧+深度处理"污水处理工艺处理后,COD浓度从40 607 mg/L可降到100mg/L以下,出水能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)酒精废水二级标准及《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T 19923-2005)回用水水质的要求;厌氧产生沼气净化后,采用内燃式发电机组燃烧发电,日均发电量为45.1万kwh,经济收益明显;理论上沼气发电系统每年可节标煤53 578.8 t,减少40 719.9 t二氧化碳排放,节能减排效果显著。     

两种释碳材料的制备及其性能研究

应用固定化技术制备了包埋淀粉的聚乙烯醇(PVA)释碳材料和海藻酸钠(SA)释碳材料,采用红外光谱和扫描电镜对其物化特性进行分析,研究了二者的释碳性能以及作为碳源对硝态氮的去除效果.结果表明,PVA释碳材料中淀粉混合较好,释碳过程满足二级动力学方程,单位质量材料释放的饱和COD达到99.60mg/(g·L).在温度为18~22℃,pH7.2~8.0,硝态氮浓度为35mg/L的条件下,PVA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为18.5g/(m3·d),SA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为15.5g/(m3·d),在稳定运行15d后,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐升高,脱氮效果开始下降.     

Fixed-bed column sorption of borate onto pomegranate seed powder-PVA beads: a response surface methodology approach

Pomegranate seed powder (PS) was functionalized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and utilized for boron removal from the aqueous system. Results of Brunauer--Emmett--Teller (BET) surface area analysis and Boehm titration indicated notable decrease in total surface area and increase in acidic surface functional groups of PS after PVA modification. Enhanced sorption is indicative of complex formation between diol groups of the pomegranate seed powder--polyvinyl alcohol (PS–PVA) and borate ions. Under column test, the saturated sorption capacity of boron was noted to be dependent on flow rate and bed height. The developed central composite design (CCD) was adequate to elucidate the sorption mechanism. Mathematical modeling of the column data was conducted, and a modified-dose-response model was the most suitable to describe the breakthrough curve and observed to be consistent with CCD analysis. This is further supported by extensive error analyses conducted between the model predicted and experimental data.     

异质结型光催化剂CuO/SnO2的制备及产氢性能

光催化降解有机废水可以实现在降解污染物同时回收清洁能源.本研究采用简单沉淀法制备了CuO/SnO2系列复合光催化剂,并用XRD、TEM对其结构进行表征.分别考察了氧化铜含量和乙醇浓度对复合材料光催化产氢性能的影响.实验结果表明,通过氧化铜与二氧化锡适当比例复合能显著提高复合材料的光催化产氢性能.复合材料48.51%CuO/SnO2的产氢性能比纯二氧化锡提高了近5倍.乙醇的浓度也对复合材料的产氢性能有较大影响,最佳的乙醇浓度为2.00 mol.L-1左右.长时间光催化产氢结果表明,每降解废水中1 kg的COD可产生氢气3724 mL.另外,对复合材料光催化分解乙醇的产氢机理也进行了分析.     

醇-柴油间界面张力及对砂柱柴油去除率的影响

研究了四种醇类助溶剂表面/界面张力随浓度的变化,表面张力与界面张力之间的关系,以及界面张力降低对残油去除率的影响,结果表明,醇的浓度与表面张力之间满足Szyskowski模型,与界面张力间呈对数函数关系,用Fowkes模型计算乙醇溶液的色散力与理论预测具有一致性,四种醇对油水界面降低能力的顺序为:丁醇＞异丙醇＞乙醇＞异丁醇,醇溶液-柴油界面张力基本上不随时间发生变化;乙醇对含油砂柱冲洗试验结果表明除油率与界面张力降低呈指数关系.     

Fatal motorcycle crashes in wide urban area of Zagreb,Croatia—A 10-year review

Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol and drug intoxication among fatally injured motorcyclists in a wide urban area of Zagreb, Croatia.

Methods: We conducted a single-center observational retrospective study over a 10-year period (2007–2016) in 3 counties covering an area including 1.2 million residents. We reviewed the records on fatally injured motorcyclists, collecting information relating to sex, age, cause of death, time of death in relation to the time of the crash, and the circumstances of the crash (time of day, day of the week, season). Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and toxicology analysis results were collected and analyzed.

Results: We identified 163 deaths (95.7% males, 4.3% females). Overall, 64.2% of the victims were 20 to 39 years old. The majority (50.9%) of those fatally injured were responsible for causing the traffic crash; the rest were determined not to be responsible or the responsibility could not be determined. The most frequent causes of death were multiple injuries (55.8%) and isolated head trauma (23.3%). The rider’s BAC was above the legal limit for driving (>0.50?g/kg) in 53.8% of cases, with a mean BAC of 1.91?g/kg. There was no difference in riding a motorcycle with a BAC above the legal limit between groups defined as younger (≤39 years of age) and older (≥40 years of age). The number of people with an illegal BAC was significantly higher during weekends than during the work week. The BAC of riders who were responsible for the crash was significantly higher than that of those who were not responsible or whose responsibility could not be determined. Use of illegal drugs or nontherapeutic use of legal drugs was not common and was detected in 10.4% of fatally injured riders.

Conclusions: Alcohol intoxication has a major role in motorcycle crash–related mortality. A significant difference in BAC between fatally injured riders responsible for the accident and those who were not responsible implies that measures directed toward prevention of drinking and driving behavior could lower the number of fatal motorcycle crashes. Weekend measures, especially during spring and summer, could have particularly significant effects.     

高浓度有机废水脱除燃煤烟气NOx的试验研究

为研发经济、高效的有机废物与烟气NO_x协同控制技术,分别采用丙烯酸钠、工业酒精和萘磺酸钠高浓度有机废水替代氨水、尿素等常用脱硝剂,在热态燃煤试验炉上,研究了T(烟气温度)、φ(O₂)、停留时间和废水与烟气混合方式等参数对烟气脱硝的影响. 结果表明:在烟气温度为1 190 K时,丙烯酸钠、酒精和萘磺酸钠高浓度有机废水的脱硝效率分别为12.7%、14.2%和9.1%;烟气温度为1 360 K时,三者的脱硝效率分别达到37.6%、39.8%和35.9%;烟气温度高于 1360 K后,脱硝效率下降. φ(O₂)从4.1%增至5.2%时,脱硝效率降低了约21.5%、13.1%和15.7%;而φ(O₂)升至6.8%时,脱硝效率降至11.2%~13.6%. 丙烯酸钠废水喷射入温度分别为1 185和1 303 K的烟气时,逆向喷入比正向喷入的脱硝效率分别提高30.4%和19.3%;停留时间从0.67 s升至0.82 s时,3类废水脱硝效率分别提高16.0%、18.8%和16.6%.      

富N条件下白腐菌对联苯的降解

探讨了在富Ｎ条件下白腐菌降解芳香化合物酶的活性变化和对联苯的降解．研究结果表明,ｍ（Ｃ）／ｍ（Ｎ）比值对白腐菌的ＬｉＰ和ＭｎＰ活性有明显的影响;黎芦醇提高了ＬｉＰ和ＭｎＰ的活性及培养基中·ＯＨ基数量,白腐菌在富Ｎ条件下能降解黎芦醇和联苯     

阴离子对Fenton氧化降解聚乙烯醇的影响

研究了亚铁盐中NO3-、SO42-、Cl-、Br-等阴离子对Fenton氧化降解高浓度聚乙烯醇(PVA)效果的影响。实验结果表明:酸性条件下具有氧化性的阴离子NO3-或能被氧化形成具有氧化性物质的离子Cl-、Br-对Fenton氧化降解PVA有协同促进作用,且氧化性越强越容易促使PVA大分子链断裂;含NO3-、Cl-、Br-和SO42-的Fenton氧化降解PVA,COD去除率分别为70.05%、70.60%、72.40%和87.90%。采用COD去除率相差不大、产物分子量较小的硝酸亚铁、氯化亚铁、溴化亚铁中的一种作为Fenton试剂催化降解PVA较适宜。