Covariability in three dimensions of teenage driving risk behavior: impaired driving,risky and unsafe driving behavior,and secondary task engagement

Objective: This research examined the extent to which teenagers who engaged in one form of risky driving also engaged in other forms and whether risky driving measures were reciprocally associated over time.

Methods: The data were from waves 1, 2, and 3 (W1, W2, and W3) of the NEXT Generation study, with longitudinal assessment of a nationally representative sample starting with 10th graders starting in 2009–2010. Three measures of risky driving were assessed in autoregressive and cross-lagged analyses: driving while alcohol/drug impaired (DWI), Checkpoints Risky Driving Scale (risky and unsafe driving), and secondary task engagement while driving.

Results: In adjusted autoregression models, the risk variables demonstrated high levels of stability, with significant associations observed across the 3 waves. However, associations between variables were inconsistent. DWI at W2 was associated with risky and unsafe driving at W3 (β = 0.21, P < .01); risky and unsafe driving at W1 was associated with DWI at W2 (β = 0.20, P < .01); and risky and unsafe driving at W2 is associated with secondary task engagement at W3 (β = 0.19, P < .01). Over time, associations between DWI and secondary task engagement were not significant.

Conclusions: Our findings provide modest evidence for the covariability of risky driving, with prospective associations between the Risky Driving Scale and the other measures and reciprocal associations between all 3 variables at some time points. Secondary task engagement, however, appears largely to be an independent measure of risky driving. The findings suggest the importance of implementing interventions that addresses each of these driving risks.     

退浆废水中聚乙烯醇定量测量的研究进展

中国纺织行业产生的退浆废水中聚乙烯醇（PVA）可生化性能差,其对环境的危害越来越受到环保人士的关注。因此定量检测PVA在处理退浆废水研究中显得尤为重要,然而至今没有形成一套定量测量PVA的规范方法。本文介绍了目前退浆废水中聚乙烯醇定量测量的常用方法：单波长和双波长分光光度法,以及目前测量所选用的显色体系、显色剂加入量、测量波长等条件。并从多角度分析了测量条件不规范的原因,提出了一些改进的建议,为规范PVA的定量测量研究提供参考。     

印染废水活性污泥代谢状态光偏转快速检测法

针对现有活性污泥检测方法过程繁琐、耗时长、检测结果滞后的局限,提出了光偏转快速检测法.在污泥负荷为0.33KgCOD/（kg MLSS·d）、水力停留时间为15h的印染废水完全混合式活性污泥系统中,投放粒径4mm、具有20μm微孔结构的聚乙烯醇（PVA）凝胶小球以负载微生物,并在小球达到稳定状态后,对其表面处因外界溶液与微生物代谢产物交换产生的浓度梯度变化,借助光斑分析仪进行光偏转检测,同时测定与光偏转检测结果相对应的15h后的出水COD及COD去除率.连续10个月的检测发现,小球中富集的主要为细菌,当进水COD由91.95mg/L增至519.4mg/L时,小球的光偏转值从229.51μm增加至299.97μm,COD去除率从16.03%提高至66.99%;当DO浓度为1.5mg/L~5mg/L时,小球光偏转值在DO=4mg/L时增至最大为309.3mg/L,对应状态下COD去除率增至最大为61.18%;在pH值为6~9时,小球光偏转值在pH=7时增至最大为293.96μm,对应状态下COD去除率也达到最大值为64.83%;当重金属Cr³⁺浓度增至50mg/L时,微生物活性逐渐受到抑制,小球光偏转值在Cr³⁺浓度为20mg/L时降至269.7μm,随后随着Cr³⁺浓度的增加,微生物细胞受损,胞内物质溶出,小球光偏转值有所增大,对应状态下COD去除率从52.5%持续降低至25.73%.结果表明：该方法可快速获得活性污泥代谢状态变化信息,且依据特定条件下小球光偏转值变化能够预测随后印染废水COD的去除效果.利用三维荧光光谱初步探究了微生物代谢引发光偏转的机理,发现参与微生物代谢的主要有机物为酪氨酸、芳香类蛋白及色氨酸.     

Hydrogen generation from polyvinyl alcohol-contaminated wastewater by a process of supercritical water gasification

Gasification of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-contaminated wastewater in supercritical water(SCW)was investigated in a continuous flow reactor at 723-873 K,20-36 MPa and residence time of 20-60 s.The gas and liquid products were analyzed by GC/TCD,and TOC analyzer.The main gas products were H_2,CH_4,CO and CO_2.Pressure change had no significant influence on gasification efficiency. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced gasification efficiency,and lower temperature favored the production of H_2. The effects of KOH catalyst on gas product composition were studied,and gasification efficiency were analyzed.The TOC removal efficiency(R_(TOC)),carbon gasification ratio(R_(CG))and hydrogen gasification ratio(R_(HG))were up to 96.00%,95.92% and 126.40% at 873 K and 60 s,respectively,which suggests PVA can be completely gasified in SCW.The results indicate supercritical water gasification for hydrogen generation is a promising process for the treatment of PVA wastewater.     

臭氧氧化及其他强化技术协同降解聚乙烯醇

采用O₃氧化降解水中聚乙烯醇（PVA）,考察了O₃氧化的影响因素及与其他强化技术协同下的降解效果。结果表明,经12 min处理,O₃/超声波、O₃/紫外光协同作用下PVA降解率较直接O₃氧化的63.2%有显著提高,表现出了良好的协同效应。通过比较酸性条件下添加不同量Fenton试剂的作用效果可知,·OH的氧化作用是PVA降解的重要原因。     

廉价包埋剂聚乙烯醇的研究

以洗衣粉废水中的LAS为处理对象,研究了PVA-硼酸化法固定化微生物细胞的物理特性、废水处理特性及相关特性。其多孔结构、高机械稳定性、良好的贮藏性和活性可恢复性、污泥产量少及固定化增殖细胞的性质等说明PVA是有开发实用价值的廉价包埋剂。     

Immobilization of activated sludge using improved polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） gel

The microbial immobilization method using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel as an immobilizing material was improved and used for entrapment of activated sludge.The oxygen uptake rate(OUR)was used to characterize the biological activity of immobilized activated sludge.Three kinds of PVA-immobilized particles of activated sludge,that is,PVA-boric acid beads,PVA-sodium nitrate beads and PVA-orthophosphate beads were prepared,and their biological activity was compared by measuring the OUR value.The bioactivity of both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms of activated sludge was determined using different synthetic wastewater media (containing 250 mg/L COD and 25 mg/L NH_4~ -N).The experimental results showed that the bioactivity and stability of the three kinds of immobilized activated sludge was greatly improved after activation.With respect of the bioactivity and the mechanical stability,the PVA-orthophosphate method may be a promising and economical technique for microbial immobilization.     

红球菌J-5菌株降解聚乙烯醇的研究

从土壤样品中分离到一株能以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为唯一碳源、能源生长的纯菌株,经生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株属于红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.),对该菌株降解PVA的特性进行了研究.结果表明,该菌株降解PVA的适宜条件为10000mg/L PVA,25℃,摇床培养;此外,添加0.1%的酵母膏可以明显促进PVA的降解.在该条件下通气培养7d,可以降解58%的PVA,通过红外光谱分析PVA的代谢产物,说明PVA降解的中间产物带有羰基.     

Copper biosorption on immobilized seaweed biomass： Column breakthrough characteristics

The biosorption of copper by the brown seaweed Sargassum baccularia,immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel beads, was investigated with fixed-bed experiments.Laboratory-scale column tests were performed to determine breakthrough curves with varying flow rates and feed concentrations.A theoretical fixed-bed model,known as the Bohart-Adams equation,was evaluated in simulating the experimental breakthrough curves.The Bohart-Adams model qualitatively predicted the breakthrough trends.PVA- immobilized seaweed biomass beads were amenable to efficient regeneration with aqueous solution containing the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).The biosorbent retained most of its original uptake capacity over three cycles of use.The excellent reusability of the biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal remediation technology.     

介孔ZnO负载Fe-Cu-Zr复合催化剂用于催化燃烧降解乙酸丁酯

采用醇热法制备了有序球状介孔ZnO负载Fe-Cu-Zr复合催化剂,应用BET、SEM、XRD、XPS等对不同物质的量比催化剂进行了表征,研究了催化降解乙酸丁酯的活性及其影响因素,并推测了降解机理.结果表明,铁铜锆复合催化剂颗粒均匀,分散性较好,孔径大部分小于50 nm,比表面积为46～68 m²·g^-1.各活性成分能够共存和协同发挥作用,铁、铜、锆离子吸附在氧化锌晶胞内,粒子间量子作用力促使晶胞表面积略有变大.锆能够提高3种活性成分间的作用力,可以调节表面电子密度,促使结合能向低的方向偏移,增强催化剂的氧化还原能力.随着锆比例的增大,催化剂的活性也随之增强;随着初始浓度、空速、相对湿度的增加,乙酸丁酯降解效率均有所下降.在乙酸丁酯初始浓度为2590 mg·m^-3、空速为9000 h^-1的工况下,ZnO-3M催化剂降解乙酸丁酯的T₅₀为116℃,T₉₀为200℃,270℃时CO₂转化率达96%,具有良好的低温催化活性和稳定性.乙酸丁酯催...