Effects of Dram Shop,Responsible Beverage Service Training,and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws—dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales—have had an impact on underage drinking and driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios.

Methods: Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of.08 and.10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption.

Results: Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β =.019, p =.018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effect: β =.048, p =.001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p <.001, partial η² =.016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340).

Conclusions: Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the laws. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved.     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中异丙醇研究

建立了用气相色谱法测定环境空气中异丙醇的方法。环境空气中异丙醇以蒸馏水吸收,用(DB-624)弹性石英毛细管柱分离,直接进样分析,氢火焰离子化检测器检测。本方法以时间定性,峰面积定量,对实际样品进行分析,其异丙醇加标回收率为94.9%~104.5%,当采样体积为40 L,异丙醇最低检出质量浓度为0.05mg/m3。本方法前处理简便,分离度好干扰少,分析灵敏度高,不使用有机试剂以减少环境污染,满足环境分析要求。     

AJIC工艺处理木薯加工废水研究

采用AJIC工艺对木薯淀粉、变性淀粉、木薯酒精生产废水进行综合处理。结果表明:COD、BOD5和SS的去除率均高达99%,进水水质指标及水量处理后的废水水质可达到《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084-2005)水作标准,符合国控重点污染源污染减排要求。此外,该工艺还同时实现对木薯废渣和污泥进行处理,可生产沼气595.2万立方米/年,有机肥400吨/年,实现直接经济效益422.9万元/年,具有较高的经济、环境和社会效益。     

C/N比对嗜酸细菌X-29产氢能力及其酶活性的影响

C/N比影响细菌的物质和能量代谢,为了提高产氢细菌的产氢效能,通过间歇产氢实验和酶活性分析方法,分析了在不同C/N比下嗜酸产氢细菌X-29的产氢能力以及氢化酶和乙醇脱氢酶的活性表达情况.研究结果表明,C/N比对产氢细菌的代谢及其相关酶的表达有显著的影响.虽然在不同C/N比下单位生物量的液相末端发酵产物差异不大,但是产氢能力存在显著的差异,当C/N比为14时产氢细菌X-29具有最大累积产氢量2 210.9mL/g.在不同C/N比下氢化酶的表达活性不同,氢化酶活性随着发酵的进行达到高峰后迅速降低,氢化酶的表达周期较短.乙醇脱氢酶活性随着代谢进程逐渐升高后而趋于平稳,不同C/N比时表达活性差异较小,表达周期较长.在C/N比为14时,氢化酶和乙醇脱氢酶的活性最高,分别为2.8μmol·(min·mg)^-1和33.2μmol·(min·mg)^-1.     

酒精废水治理中二级厌氧的应用与研究

本文对酒精废水治理中二级厌氧的应用进行了分析与研究,提出了高温厌氧和低温厌 氧相结合的二级厌氧新工艺。为酒精废水治理提供了一条稳定可靠、节能低耗的工艺路线。     

环己烷氧化副产物的综合利用

叙述了环己烷氧化时的副产物－轻质油的组成，性质，以及从中回收正戊醇和氧化环己烯的工业方法，介绍了这2种回收产品的应用及市场前景。     

载乙醇活性炭在微波场中的升温行为研究

研究了载乙醇活性在微波场中的升温行为，主要包括水和乙醇在微波场中的升温情况，以及微波功率，活性炭量，氮气线速对活性炭升温行为的影响，结果表明，水与乙醇在微波场中能吸收微波能，从而使其温度升高，微波功率越大，活性炭升值越快，活性炭最高温度也更高，活性炭少于5g时温度上升速率随活性炭量的增加而加快，活性炭量多于5g时则相反，氮气线速增加，活性炭升温速率下降，活性炭最高温度降低。     

酒精废水消化液生物硝化和脱氮试验

酒精糟液厌氧消化液CODCr浓度为3500～4300mgL,BOD5浓度为1500～2100mgL,TN浓度为400～700mgL,NH3N浓度为300～600mgL。采用SBR反应器对该消化液进行生物脱氮试验,对反应器的有机负荷、氨氮负荷、脱氮效果、脱氮过程中氮形态的变化以及碳源提供等进行了研究分析。试验结果表明,当消化液碳源充足,SBR充水比λ=0.35,缺氧时间3h以及BOD5污泥负荷0.26～0.32kgkg·d条件下,SBR处理出水CODCr598～632mgL,BOD560～100mgL,氨氮6～9mgL,总氮200～216mgL,总氮去除率为60%左右。该处理系统中缺氧段反应时间仅为3h,却承担70%～75%的CODCr总去除负荷,显著提高了该系统的有机负荷和氨氮负荷。在消化液碳源不足的条件下,可投加乙酸钠作为生物脱氮的外碳源,投加量宜为500mgL。     

用高效优势菌强化升流式厌氧污泥床的废水处理性能

针对酒精废水中难生物降解的有机物,从氧化塘污泥中筛选分离出高适应能力和降解能力的高效优势菌群,将其投加到升流式厌氧污泥床反应器中进行中试。运行结果表明:利用高效优势菌群培养高活性的颗粒污泥,可大大强化UASB反应器的废水处理性能,35d即可完成系统的启动;反应器容积负荷从2.0kg/(m3.d)提高到39.0kg/(m3.d),COD去除率保持在90%左右,最高达到96%。     

聚乙烯醇生化矿化度及自然降解的研究

通过对聚乙烯醇(PVA)生化矿化度、PVA在目然水域及土壤中的自净能力以及PVA降解过程中结构变化的研究,探讨PVA的可生化性及降解进程中物质的转化规律.PVA的生化矿化度高达50-70％,表明PVA在微生物作用下可以高度降解.由自净能力和结构变化过程的研究表明,PVA首先由大分子转变为小分子,经相应时间后向无机物转化,说明PVA在自然水域和土壤中有较好的自净作用。