The Long Beach/Fort Lauderdale relative risk study

Problem

The role of alcohol as a major factor in traffic crash causation has been firmly established. However, controversy remains as to the precise shape of the relative risk function and the BAC at which crash risk begins to increase.

Methods

This study used a case-control design in two locations: Long Beach, California, and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Data were collected on 2,871 crashes of all severities and a matched control group of drivers selected from the same time, location, and direction of travel as the crash drivers. Of the 14,985 sample drivers, 81.3% of the crash drivers and 97.9% of the controls provided a valid BAC specimen.

Results

When adjusted for covariates and nonparticipation bias, increases in relative risk were observed at BACs of .04-.05, and the elevations in risk became very pronounced when BACs exceeded .10.

Discussion

The results provide strong support for .08 per se laws and for state policies that increase sanctions for BACs in excess of .15.

Impact on Industry

This study provides further precision on the deleterious effects of alcohol on driving and, by implication, on other complex tasks.     

连接性指数对脂肪醇的QSPR/QSAR研究

用碳原子取代醇中的氧,构造出极性很小、结构和原化合物相似的分子.定义原子特征值f_i=1 sum h_(ij),并在邻接矩阵的基础上,建立该化合物的连接性指数~mG,~mG=sum(f_i·f_i·f_k…)~0.5,其中,~0C=sum(f_i)~0.5.G=sum(f_i·f_i)~0.5.~mG对脂肪醇异构体具有很强的区分能力,且~0G与醇的-lgS_w,lgK_ow均有良好的相关性,复相关系数均在0.99以上.~0G具有物理意义明确,计算简单等优点.     

Determination of alcohol compounds using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry （IMS） is a very fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive technique, it permits efficient monitoring of volatile organic compounds like alcohols. In this article, positive ion mobility spectra for six alcohol organic compounds have been systematically studied for the first time using a high-resolution IMS apparatus equipped with a discharge ionization source. Utilizing protonated water cluster ions （H2O）nH^＋ as the reactant ions and clean air as the drift gas, alcohol organic compounds, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-octanol, all exhibit product ion characteristic peaks in their respective ion mobility spectrometry, that is a result of proton transfer reactions between the alcohols and reaction ions （H2O）nH^＋. The mixture of these alcohols, including two isomers, has been detected, and the results showed that they could be distinguished effectively in the ion mobility spectrum. The reduced mobility values have been determined, which are in very well agreement with the traditional ^63Ni-IMS experimental values. The exponential dilution method was used to calibrate the alcohol concentrations, and a detection limit available for the alcohols is in order of magnitude of a few ng/L.     

Degradation of MTBE and TBA by a new isolate from MTBE-contaminated soil

Methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE）, a gasoline additive, possesses serious problems to the environmental health. In the present study, a bacterial culture named A-3 which could effectively degrade MTBE was isolated from the MTBE contaminated soil. The isolate was identified as Chryseobacterium sp., a new species capable of degrading MTBE. In order to enhance its degradation ability, selected environment factors were investigated. The results showed that the optimal temperature was in the range of 25-30℃, the pH was 7.0, the inoculum size was 2 × 10^8 CFU/ml and the optimal concentration of MTBE was from 50 to 100 mg/L. The maximum MTBE utilization rate （Vmax） was 102 nmol MTBE/（mg cell protein.h）. Furthermore, it was found that the isolate could also degrade tert-butyl alcohol （TBA）. The degradation rates of TBA were much faster than those of MTBE. The additional TBA would lead to the decrease of the initial MTBE degradation rate and the inhibitory effect of TBA increased with the increase of TBA concentration. Similar protein profiles at least seven peptides were demonstrated after SDS-PAGE analysis of crude extracts obtained from the cells growing in MTBE and TBA culture.     

玉米酒精废水的处理工艺与设计

针对酒精废水的COD高、温度高、SS高、pH低特点,主要介绍了酒精废水处理工艺路线和主要设计参数。采用高效MIC厌氧反应器和卡鲁塞尔氧化沟3000型,MIC有机负荷可达15kg CODCr/m3.d,CODCr去除率为85%以上,卡鲁塞尔氧化沟有机负荷为0.6kg CODCr/m3.d,CODCr去除率为93%以上,出水COD<150mg/L。厌氧所产生的沼气的回收价值抵去整个系统运行费用,每年可盈余1 300余万元。     

Effect of the water–oil ratio on brine/surfactant/alcohol/oil systems optimized for soil remediation

The optimum middle-phase microemulsion used for remediation of oily contaminated soils is often obtained by mixing a certain amount of a surfactant/alcohol mixture with oil and adjusting the salinity concentrations at a constant water–oil ratio. Upon introduction to the subsurface, however, the system may not be in the optimum state throughout the remediation process owing to the change in the water–oil ratio. This research has attempted to investigate the effect of the water–oil ratio on the phase behavior of systems containing brine, anionic surfactant, alcohols, and different oils. By systematically changing the water–oil ratio, while keeping the others variables constant, the systems exhibited different phase behavior. The results revealed that the effect of the water–oil ratio on system behavior was significant, and analogous to that of salinity. Increasing the water–oil ratio led the system change from winsor I → winsor III → winsor II. The greater the water–oil ratio the lower the salinity required to produce the middle-phase microemulsion, but the narrower the salinity range of the three-phase region. An empirical correlation has been developed in order to predict the changes in phase behavior with the changes in water–oil ratio. This provides a useful tool for designing optimum formulations suitable for soil remediation. Received: October 5, 1999 / Accepted: March 27, 2000     

Visible light-assisted photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants using nitrogen-doped titania

An experimental research into the aqueous photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of organic groundwater pollutants, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol, phenol, humic substances, 2-ethoxy ethanol and ethylene glycol was undertaken using visible light-sensitive nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts. Nitrogen-doped titania proved to be an effective photocatalyst for MTBE with its action comparable to and even surpassing that of Degussa P25. In contrast, with the other substances the photocatalysts showed negligible activity. This difference was explained by the poor adsorption properties of N-doped catalysts. The predominance of different PCO mechanisms dependent of the surface properties of N-TiO₂ catalysts was elucidated.     

磷钼酸铵-聚乙烯醇复合材料的制备及其对水中Cs+的吸附性能研究

利用磷钼酸铵、聚乙烯醇和正硅酸四乙酯合成一种新型复合材料（AMP-PVA）,运用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和热重分析仪（TG-DSC）等对AMP-PVA进行结构和形貌表征.同时,探究了不同初始浓度、pH、时间等因素对AMP-PVA特异性吸附Cs⁺性能的影响,并结合等温吸附曲线、吸附动力学等对AMP-PVA的吸附机制进行探讨.结果表明,AMP-PVA可在pH=2~11范围内使用,耐酸性能良好,且在35 ℃、pH=7.7、初始Cs⁺浓度为200 mg·L^-1的条件下达到最大吸附量109.56 mg·g^-1;吸附过程以自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,并伴随着内扩散和Boyd模型的特征;AMP-PVA主要作用机制为Cs⁺与AMP中的NH₄⁺发生离子交换.     

醇胺类物质促进飞灰中氯代芳烃加氢脱氯的研究

分别以三乙醇胺(TEA)和一乙醇胺(MEA)作为氢源,六氯苯(HCB)作为模型化合物,研究了在密闭体系下飞灰中氯代芳烃的加氢脱氯作用.考察了TEA或MEA添加量、热处理温度和时间对脱氯效率的影响,证实有明显的脱氯反应发生.当MEA或TEA添加量为8%时,经过250℃,2 h热处理,脱氯效率分别可达94.7%和78.6%...     

甘蔗糖蜜酒精废水治理——排量及治理现状调查

在对一些糖厂的酒精蒸馏废水治理情况进行广泛调研的基础上,对酒精蒸馏废液的实际排量进行了理论计算,并根据对治理现状的调查,指出治理中存在的一些问题。