腈醛混合化合物对发光菌联合毒性的QSAR研究

测定了羟基乙腈与系列醛类化合物和对苯二甲醛与系列腈类化合物对发光菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)的联合毒性，探讨了腈醛混合化合物对发光菌的联合毒性机制，并尝试提出了腈醛混合化合物对发光菌联合毒性的QSAR模型．结果表明，不同的腈醛混合化合物对发光菌的联合毒性不同，联合毒性的大小与腈类化合物和醛类化合物之间化学相互作用的程度紧密相关，采用QSAR模型TU=0．842—0．831σ。(n=8，r^2=0．803，SE=0．222，F=24．415，P=0．003)和TU=-0．348—8．450C^*(n=8，r^2=0．874，SE=0．219，F=41．730，P=0．001)分别定量描述羟基乙腈与系列醛类化合物和对苯二甲醛与系列腈类化合物对发光菌的联合毒性．模型具有较高的稳定性和预测能力．     

Chemoreception of botanical nematicides by Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans

Plant-parasitic nematodes, such as Meloidogyne incognita, cause serious damage to various agricultural crops worldwide, and their control necessitates environmentally safe measures. We have studied the effects of plant secondary metabolites on M. incognita locomotion, as it is an important factor affecting host inoculation inside the soil. We compared the effects to the respective behavioral responses of the model saprophytic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The tested botanical nematicides, all reported to be active against Meloidogyne sp. in our previous works, are small molecular weight molecules (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones). Here, we specifically report on the attractant or repellent properties of trans-anethole, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-decenal, fosthiazate, and 2-undecanone. The treatments for both nematode species were made at sublethal concentration levels, namely, 1 mM (<EC₅₀), and the chemical controls used for the experiments were the commercial nematicides fosthiazate and oxamyl. According to our results, trans-anethole, decenal, and oxamyl attract C. elegans, while 2-undecanone strongly attracts M. incognita. These findings can be of use in the development of nematicidal formulations, contributing to the disruption of nematode chemotaxis to root systems.     

甲醇燃料车醛酮类污染物排放特性研究

采用高效液相色谱方法(HPLC)对甲醇车的醛酮类污染物进行了定量定性研究.结果发现,瞬态时,安装三元转化器后燃烧汽油和甲醇车辆的总醛酮排放量转化效率分别为22.53%和48.95%.燃烧甲醇时,排放的主要是甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛+丙酮,占总排放的97.18%,占燃烧汽油时排放的39.07%.未装三元催化器时,甲醇车的醛酮排放量高于汽油车,有三元催化器时甲醇车的醛酮排放量低于汽油车排放.稳态工况时,安装和未装三元催化器的甲醇车,在60 km/h工况下醛酮类污染物排放量最高,甲醛的平均转化效率最高,为88.50%.无论装载三元催化器与否,甲醇车的甲醛排放量均高于同工况的汽油车,在60、90和120 km/h 3个工况下,甲醇车的甲醛排放量分别比汽油车高332.94%3、74.47%和357.58%.     

FeOOH催化臭氧氧化滤后水中NOM的小分子副产物的生成

以滤后水中富集、分离出的6种不同特性的天然有机物(NOM)组分为对象,考察了羟基氧化铁（FeOOH）催化臭氧氧化NOM各组分后小分子醛、酮及酮酸副产物的生成情况.发现FeOOH催化氧化比臭氧氧化提高了对NOM 各组分DOC和SUVA的去除率.FeOOH催化氧化并不能有效地降低NOM各组分小分子副产物的产量.催化氧化和臭氧氧化后,憎水中性物质(HON)的醛、酮、酮酸的总产量都最高,NOM碱性组分的小分子副产物产量都相对最低.NOM各组分催化氧化后甲醛和丙酮酸的产量最大,这和单独臭氧氧化的结论一致.特别是HON的甲醛产率占其醛、酮总产量的71.6%,单位DOC丙酮酸的产量达78.6 μg/mg.用NOM组分的小分子副产物折算DOC占各组分氧化后DOC的质量分数来间接显示氧化后剩余DOC的可生物降解性,发现催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化进一步提高了滤后水中NOM各组分的可生化性.     

醛类化合物分子结构与对鼠急性毒性关系

通过检索美国国立职业与卫生研究所化学物质毒性效应登录 ( RTECS) 1998年版光盘系统 ,搜集了 88种醛类化合物对大鼠急性毒性口服 LD₅₀ 数据 ,并利用遗传神经网络建立了醛类化合物分子结构与对大鼠急性毒性关系的 BP神经网络模式 ,模式的交互检验相关系数达 0.83～ 0.87,具有较强的预报能力 .遗传神经网络是由遗传算法和神经网络耦合而成 ,文章详细讨论了遗传神经网络的构造以及利用遗传神经网络建立 QSAR模型的方法 .     

Indoor Air Quality at Salarjung Museum, Hyderabad, India

Deterioration of art objects at Salarjung Museum has been noticed such as blackening of white and pink pigments of Indian miniature paintings and other objects like pigments, paints, varnishes, coatings, silver ware, zari works, textiles, which are displayed in museum galleries. The cause of deterioration of the artifacts is attributed to air pollution. The outdoor air pollution levels with respect to suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, aldehydes and oxidants are observed to be high when compared with background environment and ambient air quality standards for sensitive areas. The indoor air quality levels in terms of various parameters including temperature and relative humidity (RH) observed to be more than the threshold limits. The climatic conditions coupled with polluted indoor air are the main causes for the deterioration of art objects. Hence remedial measures are suggested to avoid further deterioration of objects.     

Aldehyde Concentrations in Ambient Air of Coastal Georgia, U.S.A.

Aldehydes are an airborne byproduct of many industrialprocesses, vehicle transportation, and emissions fromnumerous natural sources. To characterize aldehydeconcentrations in ambient air of the Savannah, Georgiaarea, air samples for 3 aldehydes (formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde) were collected atfive sites on a monthly basis over a 12-month periodfrom December of 1995 through November 1996. Four ofthe sites were in central Savannah and the fifth sitewas located in a rural area about 56 km south ofSavannah. During each 24-hr sampling episode, sampleswere collected in two 12-hr periods approximatingdaylight and nighttime hours, following U.S. EPAMethod TO-11. Formaldehyde concentrations ranged from0.17 to 6.80 g m^-3, acetaldehydeconcentrations ranged from 0.07 to7.60 g m^-3, and propionaldehyde levels rangedfrom 0.02 to 9.10 g m^-3. On average, thefour sites in Savannah had higher aldehydeconcentrations than the rural site (2.0 versus1.2 g m^-3 for formaldehyde, 2.3 versus1.7 g m^-3 for acetaldehyde, and 1.2 versus1.0 g m^-3 for propionaldehyde). The daytimeconcentrations for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde werehigher than the nighttime levels. The data from allthe sites were within published worldwide backgroundvalues for aldehydes.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定空气中三种醛类污染物

报道了以酸性２,４－二硝基苯肼为吸收液采集空气中的甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛,以气相色谱法分析形成的腙衍生物。方法的回收率在９５％ 以上,最低检测限为０．３５～８．４ｎｇ,线性工作范围为２．１～５０９ｎｇ,可测定空气和废气中的醛类污染物。     

浅析气象因子对大气中低分子醛酮类有机物的影响

对广州市大气中低分子醛酮类有机污染物进行采样监测,并同步观测气象条件,分析气象因子与大气中低分子醛酮类有机物之间的相关性。结果表明：常规气象因子（温度、湿度、气压、风速等）对大气环境中醛酮类有机污染物的浓度有一定的影响。