Effects of carrier-attached biofilm on oxygen transfer efficiency in a moving bed biofilm reactor

Three laboratory-scale moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) with different carrier filling ratios ranging from 40% to 60% were used to study the effects of carrier-attached biofilm on oxygen transfer efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three MBBRs in degrading chemical oxygen demand and ammonia. The three reactors removed more than 95% of NH ₄ ⁺ -N at an air flow-rate of 60 L·h^–1. The standard oxygen transfer efficiency (αSOTE) of the three reactors was also investigated at air flow-rates ranging from 60 to 100 L·h^–1. These results were compared to αSOTE of wastewater with a clean carrier (no biofilm attached). Results showed that under these process conditions, αSOTE decreased by approximately 70% as compared to αSOTE of wastewater at a different carrier-filling ratio. This indicated that the biofilm attached to the carrier had a negative effect on αSOTE. Mechanism analysis showed that the main inhibiting effects were related to biofilm flocculants and soluble microbial product (SMP). Biofilm flocs could decrease αSOTE by about 20%, and SMP could decrease αSOTE by 30%–50%.     

浅析准好氧填埋场垃圾的稳定化机制

介绍了填埋场垃圾稳定化机理,分析了影响填埋场稳定化的因素,提出了建立准好氧填埋场不仅有利于加快垃圾的稳定化进程,还可减排温室气体和改善渗滤液水质,确保填埋场地最大限度地安全再利用。     

基于微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器处理废水研究

微气泡曝气有助于强化氧传质过程,在废水好氧生物处理中具有潜在的应用优势;生物膜反应器是应用微气泡曝气的可行工艺形式.本研究在生物膜反应器中采用SPG膜微气泡曝气处理模拟生活废水,探讨反应器连续运行过程中,SPG膜空气通透性、溶解氧变化、污染物去除效果及氧利用情况.结果表明,基于SPG膜微气泡曝气的生物膜反应器能够实现长期连续稳定运行,是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.SPG膜表面性质及膜孔径影响其空气通透性,疏水性膜的空气通透性优于亲水性膜;膜孔径越大,空气通透性越好.一定的SPG膜空气通量下,反应器内的溶解氧浓度主要受有机负荷影响.SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器较优的COD处理负荷(以SPG膜面积计算)为6.88 kg·(m2.d)-1.氨氮的去除主要受溶解氧浓度及生物膜内氧扩散传质的影响,在高有机负荷下生物膜内出现同步硝化反硝化.微气泡曝气的氧利用率显著高于传统曝气方式,在优化的运行条件下,氧利用率可以接近100%.     

移动床生物膜反应器净化模拟水产养殖废水的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）净化模拟水产养殖废水.结果表明,MBBR净化模拟水产养殖废水效果良好.在水力停留时间（HRT）为8 h,DO为2.0~3.0 mg·L^-1的条件下,反应器启动迅速、运行稳定,能使COD和氨氮去除率均达到80%以上,TP去除率达到50%左右;有机负荷为（0.76±0.03）kg·m^-3·d^-1时,TN及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别达到71.73%及98.42%.为达到良好的TN去除效果,有机负荷不宜低于0.5 kg·m^-3·d^-1;DO为（3.00±0.25）mg·L^-1时,TN去除效果最好,最有利于同步硝化反硝化;为保持较高的氨氮去除效率,并减少亚硝态氮积累,DO浓度不应低于2.0 mg·L^-1;HRT过短会使氨氮去除效率降低,且可能出现亚硝态氮积累;采用序批式进水运行方式,对TP的去除效果优于连续进水方式,但运行周期后半段会出现亚硝态氮积累,对鱼类产生危害.     

轮虫对生物膜处理城市河道污水的优化作用

生物膜蓄积老化是影响生物膜活性和净化效果的关键问题,通过引入微型动物增加食物链长度和增强较高营养级生物捕食作用的生物法在解决该问题上具有经济、环保和操作简单等优点。轮虫广泛存在于各种水体并能捕食细菌,可作为生物法应用的理想微型动物。利用生物法的原理,采用城市河道污水为实验用水进行挂膜,通过投加轮虫于生物膜成熟的水箱中,探讨轮虫对控制生物膜蓄积老化的作用。结果显示,投加组与对照组的生物膜干重和主要污染物(氨氮、总磷和COD)去除率没有显著差异(P0.05);两组的细菌总数和生物膜活性均表现出下降趋势,但是,相对对照组,投加组细菌总数下降显著(P0.05);相对投加组,对照组生物膜活性下降极显著(P0.01)。研究表明轮虫的投加在短期内不能显著增加生物膜的净化效果,但在细菌总数控制和生物膜活性维持上具有显著作用,因此,轮虫在解决生物膜蓄积老化问题上具有潜在的应用价值。     

Electrocatalytic biofilm reactor for effective and energy-efficient azo dye degradation: the synergistic effect of MnOx/Ti flow-through anode and biofilm on the cathode

● MnO _x /Ti flow-through anode was coupled with the biofilm-attached cathode in ECBR. ● ECBR was able to enhance the azo dye removal and reduce the energy consumption. ● Mn^IV=O generated on the electrified MnO _x /Ti anode catalyzed the azo dye oxidation. ● Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria on the cathode degraded azo dye intermediate products. ● Biodegradation of intermediate products was stimulated under the electric field. Dyeing wastewater treatment remains a challenge. Although effective, the in-series process using electrochemical oxidation as the pre- or post-treatment of biodegradation is long. This study proposes a compact dual-chamber electrocatalytic biofilm reactor (ECBR) to complete azo dye decolorization and mineralization in a single unit via anodic oxidation on a MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode followed by cathodic biodegradation on carbon felts. Compared with the electrocatalytic reactor with a stainless-steel cathode (ECR-SS) and the biofilm reactor (BR), the ECBR increased the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency by 24 % and 31 % (600 mg/L Acid Orange 7 as the feed, current of 6 mA), respectively. The COD removal efficiency of the ECBR was even higher than the sum of those of ECR-SS and BR. The ECBR also reduced the energy consumption (3.07 kWh/kg COD) by approximately half compared with ECR-SS. The advantages of the ECBR in azo dye removal were attributed to the synergistic effect of the MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode and cathodic biofilms. Catalyzed by Mn^IV=O generated on the MnO_x/Ti anode under a low applied current, azo dyes were oxidized and decolored. The intermediate products with improved biodegradability were further mineralized by the cathodic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (non-electrochemically active) under the stimulation of the applied current. Taking advantage of the mutual interactions among the electricity, anode, and bacteria, this study provides a novel and compact process for the effective and energy-efficient treatment of azo dye wastewater.     

污水深度处理生物滤层中菌群的时空分布特征

以生物滤柱为反应器,对污水进行深度处理。试验表明,生物滤层中的菌群由于生化特性的不同,启动阶段异养菌要比自养菌的生长提前一周左右。生物滤柱异养菌、自养菌的形成对稳定运行非常关键,启动阶段较高的COD容积负荷不利于亚硝化、硝化细菌的产生。异养菌在竞争中占有优势,主要生长在滤柱的进水端和悬浮生物膜中。进水有机物浓度较低,造成亚硝化细菌的分布同异养菌分布基本一致。硝化细菌由于较弱的竞争能力,主要生长在滤柱的出水端和吸附生物膜中。底物浓度的改变使生物膜中的菌群对有机物、溶解氧以及生存空间的竞争也发生变化,最终导致其分布也随之改变。     

Enhancing nitrogen removal from low carbon to nitrogen ratio wastewater by using a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Removing nitrogen from wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio is a difficult task due to the insufficient carbon source available for denitrification. Therefore, in the present work, a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor (NSBBR) was developed to enhance the nitrogen removal from wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. The NSBBR was divided into two units separated by a vertical clapboard. Alternate feeding and aeration was performed in the two units, which created an anoxic unit with rich substrate content and an aeration unit deficient in substrate simultaneously. Therefore, the utilization of the influent carbon source for denitrification was increased, leading to higher TN removal compared to conventional SBBR (CSBBR) operation. The results show that the CSBBR removed up to 76.8%, 44.5% and 10.4% of TN, respectively, at three tested COD/TN ratios (9.0, 4.8 and 2.5). In contrast, the TN removal of the NSBBR could reach 81.9%, 60.5% and 26.6%, respectively, at the corresponding COD/TN ratios. Therefore, better TN removal performance could be achieved in the NSBBR, especially at low COD/TN ratios (4.8 and 2.5). Furthermore, it is easy to upgrade a CSBBR into an NSBBR in practice.     

环境扫描电镜对废水生物样品形态结构的表征研究

采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)分析颗粒污泥和悬浮填料生物膜的微生物群落形态,并与扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果进行比较.结果表明,ESEM观察悬浮填料生物膜的适宜条件为样品台温度5℃,样品室汽压5.91×102Pa,相对湿度75%,加速电压15.00kV.观察颗粒污泥样品的适宜条件为样品台温度0℃,样品室汽压7.00×102Pa,相对湿度100%,加速电压10.00kV.表面存在的水滴凝聚和含水量高、结构脆弱的样品易因气压和入射电子束轰击收缩变形,是影响ESEM观察样品真实面貌的主要因素.悬浮填料生物膜的ESEM观察说明,相较于SEM,未经任何处理的载体生物膜样品在合适的ESEM条件下可得到的高放大倍数的清晰照片,能更真实的表征生物膜的微生物群落结构.含水量高、结构脆弱,承受能力差的颗粒污泥样品,则需要通过锇酸或者戊二醛等固定剂进行化学固定,降低ESEM的加速电压,并且尽量缩短观察时间,避免因气压和高速入射电子束的轰击而收缩变形,获得其原始形貌照片.     

一体化A/O移动床生物膜反应器中DO、TN分布及脱氮效果研究

采用一体化A/O移动床生物膜法工艺,以模拟生活污水研究了该工艺的除碳脱氮效果,并对一体化移动床生物膜反应器的好氧区和缺氧区各纵向断面的COD、DO、NH₃-N、TN、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N进行了检测,通过对缺氧区各断面的DO和TN浓度分布情况,分析了脱氮的产生过程。试验结果表明: 在水力停留时间HRT＝12 h,好氧区DO保持5 mg/L左右,COD进水浓度处于250～400 mg/L时,COD的去除率均在90%以上,且出水COD均在40 mg/L以下;TN进水浓度为20～50 mg/L时,NH₃-N去除率高于90%,其出水浓度可达到5 mg/L以下,脱氮效率也较高,TN去除率可达到65%～85%。COD和NH₃-N的浓度分布状况表明该一体化A/O移动床生物膜反应器的流态趋于全混式。