Influence of ionic strength and pH on the limitation of latex microsphere deposition sites on iron-oxide coated sand by humic acid

This study, for the first time, investigates and quantifies the influence of slight changes in solution pH and ionic strength (IS) on colloidal microsphere deposition site coverage by Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) in a column matrix packed with saturated iron-oxide coated sand.Triple pulse experimental (TPE) results show adsorbed SRHA enhances microsphere mobility more at higher pH and lower IS and covers more sites than at higher IS and lower pH. Random sequential adsorption (RSA) modelling of experimental data suggests 1 μg of adsorbed SRHA occupied 9.28 ± 0.03 × 10⁹ sites at pH7.6 and IS of 1.6 mMol but covered 2.75 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ sites at pH6.3 and IS of 20 mMol. Experimental responses are suspected to arise from molecular conformation changes whereby SRHA extends more at higher pH and lower ionic strength but is more compact at lower pH and higher IS. Results suggest effects of pH and IS on regulating SRHA conformation were additive.     

Comparison of competitive and synergetic adsorption of three phenolic compounds on river sediment

Knowledge of toxic chemical sorption by soil/sediment is critical for environmental risk assessment of toxic chemicals, especially for the multi-sorbate system in river ecosystem. Sorption characteristics of 2, 4-Dichlorophenol, 2, 4-Dinitrophenol and 2, 4-Dimethyphenol on sediment were investigated. Adsorption isotherms in single- and multi-sorbate systems fitted well the Freundlich model. The adsorption effects were different among three selected phenolic compounds in single- and multi-sorbate systems. The synergetic affect that 2, 4-Dinitrophenol and 2, 4-Dimethyphenol bring to 2, 4-Dichlorophenol can be explained by the compression of double electronic layer and the charge neutrality. Adsorption kinetic results showed that pseudo-second-order model can be used to describe the experimental data and the adsorption affinity of phenolic compounds influenced greatly by the adsorption velocity. The present study suggests that the fate and transport of emerging pollutants such as phenolic compounds could be affected in the presence of different hydrophobic pollutants in aquatic systems.     

Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on functionalized carbon nanotubes as affected by cations and anions

The environmental risks of antibiotics have attracted lots of research attention, but their environmental behavior is not clear yet. Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as model adsorbents and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was used as a model antibiotic to investigate the effect of both cations (Ca²⁺, Cs⁺) and anions (phosphate) on antibiotics adsorption. Various mechanisms (such as electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, π-π and hydrogen bonds) play roles in SMX adsorption. Cations and anions could “wedge into” these mechanisms and thus alter SMX adsorption. This study emphasized that both increased and decreased SMX adsorption could be observed with the addition of cations/anions, depending on environmental conditions (such as pH in this current study). The net effect is the balance between the increased and decreased effects. The contribution of different mechanisms to the overall antibiotic adsorption on solid particles should be identified to accurately predict the apparent effect by cations and anions.     

Effect of aging on catalytic properties in mechanochemical degradation of pentachlorophenol by birnessite

Mechanochemistry, a technique concerning with milling contaminated samples for prolonged times, induces massive degradation of pollutants by grinding them in ball mills with different soil components or additives. In the present study, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of aging on the mechanochemical efficiency of the Mn-oxide birnessite in degrading pentachlorophenol (PCP). A comparative study on an aged birnessite (KBiA), used after 3 years from synthesis, and a fresh birnessite (KBiF), employed immediately after synthesis, was carried out. The differences between the two birnessites, evidenced by spectroscopic and diffractometric techniques, are mainly relative to reduction of the Mn(IV) centered at the MnO₆ octahedra layers from the birnessite structure, which represent the most reactive sites for PCP degradation. The long term air drying at room temperature, by favouring reduction of Mn(IV) to Mn(III), produces an inorganic substrate that offers paucity of the less reactive sites for PCP degradation, thus reducing the oxidative potential of the KBiA. Accordingly, the more reactive fresh birnessite was employed in the experiment with a polluted soil. Adding a small amount of KBiF to soil only induces a light increase in PCP removal, probably due to the mechanically induced PCP adsorption and transformation onto clay minerals present in the soil. Besides, adding a higher dose of birnessite causes a stronger degradation of PCP.     

川东平行岭谷区土地利用变化时空分异特征

川东平行岭谷地区生态地位十分重要,研究其土地利用变化及其影响因素具有重要的意义。利用1986、2000和2007年的Landsat TM影像,辅以10 m分辨率的SPOT影像和野外调查,结合土地利用程度、土地利用效应指数探讨了平行岭谷地区土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局和变化轨迹及其相应的生态效应。结果表明,研究区土地利用格局受地形空间分异明显控制;1986~2007年,土地利用变化总体特征是建设用地、水体增加,耕地减少,耕地 耕地 建设用地变化迹线占1986~2007年建设用地变化量的6647%,建设用地的增加主要以2000年后的耕地转入为主;邻近主城所在地的岭谷条带土地利用程度指数增加快于相隔较远的其它各区;总的说来,土地利用效应的增加和强化大于恢复和减少。研究区土地利用变化的因素可归纳为主城区的通道效应、岭谷区交通线的节点效应和河流廊道引起的土地利用变化。进一步的研究应揭示平行岭谷地区通道驱动效应和低山阻隔效应综合作用下土地利用演变过程和景观生态多样性的维持机制,模拟通道驱动效应与生态安全双重约束下的土地利用优化格局     

燃煤烟气中CO_2脱除方法的分析与探讨

作为主要的温室气体,CO2减排问题引起全球范围的广泛关注。阐述了燃煤烟气中CO2脱除的多种方法,分析比较了CO2的吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法等的特点及各自的优缺点,侧重介绍了有机胺和氨水脱除的技术进展,并介绍了氨水烟气脱碳的部分试验结果。     

海水淡化技术及其应用

海水淡化技术是指利用海水脱盐生产淡水的技术过程。目前,海水淡化技术已是解决全球淡水资源危机的重要途径之一。介绍了几种海水淡化方法,对多级闪蒸、低温多效和反渗透三种海水淡化技术的原理、工艺、优缺点及其应用实例行了详细的阐述和比较。     

Enhancement effect of water associated with natural organic matter (NOM) on organic compound-NOM interactions: a case study with carbamazepine

Natural organic matter (NOM) in soils and sediments is recognized to strongly affect environmental distributions of organic compounds. Water associated with NOM may have a significant impact on NOM-organic compound interactions. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine the effect of hydration of a model NOM sorbent on interactions with a probe organic compound, carbamazepine (CBZ), and (2) based on the comparison with the literature data, to evaluate the effect of organic compound structure on the cooperative participation of water molecules in organic sorbate-NOM interactions. CBZ is one of the most widely reported water pollutants from the pharmaceutical and personal care products family. Therefore, CBZ sorption on Pahokee peat was compared from water and from n-hexadecane, using solubility-normalized solute concentrations. CBZ-NOM interactions were enhanced by one to two orders of magnitudes when NOM became fully hydrated. This enhancement is associated with the distinct ability of CBZ to undergo strong, specific interactions with NOM which was revealed by comparing the transfer of CBZ and another model sorbate, phenanthrene, from solution in n-hexadecane to the hydrated NOM sorbent. The enhancing effect of NOM hydration on CBZ-NOM interactions was also observed when CBZ sorption was examined on partially hydrated NOM. In comparison with a smaller-size organic sorbate such as phenol, CBZ needs more NOM-associated water in order to demonstrate the strengthening of interactions with NOM. Therefore, for penetration of the larger sorbate molecules into the NOM interior, a greater number of water molecules are needed to compensate for the local NOM disintegration thus suggesting the greater extent of the cooperativity in an involvement of water molecules in the CBZ-NOM interactions.     

营区雨水集蓄利用效果评价模糊数学模型

本文以研究营区内雨水集蓄利用效果为目的。分析雨水集蓄利用不同方法,通过建立合理模糊数学模型,对各种雨水集蓄利用方法进行权重比较,得出最优结果。并将该模型用在营区雨水集蓄利用效果的评价分析,通过运算结果确定营区内雨水利用效果的优、良、中、差。通过运用模糊数学模型对营区内雨水集蓄利用方法进行分析,综合评价营区内雨水集蓄利用结果为良好。     

不同混凝剂在水厂原水处理中的混凝效果比较

针对水厂原水水质情况,对4种不同混凝剂的污染物去除效果进行了试验对比,研究不同混凝剂用于水厂原水处理的混凝效果．为优化后续工艺提供依据。