一株溶藻细菌对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响及其鉴定

从山东黄岛边某富营养化池塘中分离得到1株具有溶藻作用的菌株(J1),研究了其对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的抑制效果、作用方式以及细菌培养基、菌株与铜绿微囊藻不同生长阶段等因素对溶藻效果的影响,并对该菌株进行了生理生化鉴定.结果表明,将牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基加入藻液,培养基与藻液的投放体积比为6%时,9d内对藻的生长无影响.将初始浓度为6×107 cfu/mL的菌液加入藻液,共培养第9d,铜绿微囊藻的去除率达87%以上.对数期的J1细菌具有较好的溶藻效果,作用于稳定期铜绿微囊藻的实验组,藻的去除率较低.J1通过分泌溶藻物质的间接作用方式抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,且溶藻活性物质具有一定的热稳定性.根据生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,菌株J1属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus).     

Treatment of soybean wastewater by a wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides and to produce protein under natural conditions

The conventional treatment method of soybean wastewater is expensive and generates waste sludge that requires further handling. Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) wastewater treatment is a clean technology and can generate single cell protein while degrading pollutants. A wild strain of PNSB, Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08, was isolated from local soil and was used to treat soybean wastewater. To develop a cost-effective process, the work was performed under natural conditions without artificial light, aeration, nutrients addition, or pH and temperature adjustment. The results showed that the wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08 could grow well under natural conditions. The growth curve showed two quick-growth periods and a turning point. The Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater was zero order reaction and COD reduction was 96% after 10 d. The major byproducts of the process were C2-C5 organic acids, predominantly butyric acid. No alcohol was found in the effluent. The initial COD/bacterial-mass ratio (F/M) had a significant effect on soybean wastewater treatment efficiency. When the initial F/M was lower than 10 mg-COD/mg-bacteria, a sufficient amount of time to achieve 90% of COD reduction was only three days. The Z08 biomass yield was 0.28g·g⁻¹, and the bacterial protein content was 52%.     

一株多菌灵降解菌包埋条件及降解特性

采用海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)对1株多菌灵降解菌进行包埋,并对最佳包埋条件及包埋后的降解效果进行研究.结果表明:SA包埋法的最佳条件为:菌液与2% SA按1:5体积比混合,在4% CaCl2溶液中室温交联24h.PVA包埋法的最佳条件为:菌液与10%PVA按1:5比例混合,在3%CaCl2溶液中室温交联24h.活化48h后,在30℃、 pH6的条件下,SA包埋的多菌灵降解菌对多菌灵的降解率可达80.4%.PVA包埋的降解菌的降解率为76.3%.     

一株海洋细菌对中肋骨条藻的溶解效应及其溶藻特性

从山东胶州湾分离得到1株海洋溶藻菌,暂将其命名为JZ-1.根据生理生化及16S rDNA 序列分析鉴定,菌株JZ-1属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas).研究表明,菌株JZ-1对中肋骨条藻具有很好的溶解效果,它能够破坏藻细胞膜内物质的结构和细胞膜的完整性,使细胞膜内物质流出导致藻细胞死亡.溶藻现象发生在细菌培养液的上清液和0.2μm的过滤液中,而不是在细菌菌体中,这表明菌株JZ-1通过分泌代谢物对中肋骨条藻产生溶解作用,且当菌株JZ-1由对数生长期向稳定期过渡时,其代谢物的溶藻率达到最大.代谢物分子量<5kD,具有热稳定性、耐酸性,但不耐碱.     

耐热石油烃降解混合菌的筛选及其群落结构分析

对克拉玛依采集的部分石油污染土壤进行了筛选,得到了5组石油烃高效降解混合菌,其中混合菌KL9-1在45℃的条件下,通过7 d的降解,稀油的降解率达到43.27%,稠油的降解率达到20.09%。混合菌KL9-1经过多次分离纯化后,获得3株具有石油烃降解能力的优势单菌,3株单菌对稀油的降解率都在30%以上。结合分离单菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列的分析结果,初步鉴定KL9-1-1为Pseudomonas putida,KL9-1-2和KL9-1-3为Pseudomonas sp.。     

两株自养型氨氧化细菌的分离、鉴定及系统发育分析

以水产养殖废水处理工程的生物膜为菌源,采用传统的富集、分离纯化等微生物学手段,筛选出2株自养型氨氧化细菌A.P-7和A.P-8,并将其转接至液体分离培养基中培养17 d,定量检测结果表明,菌株A.P-7和A.P-8的氨氮去除率均可达到90%以上. 对2株菌的形态特征与生理生化性质分析结果表明,2株菌与假单胞菌属成员相似. 进一步测定2株菌的16S rDNA基因序列,测序结果提交至GenBank进行同源性检索分析,并通过MEGA 4.0软件进行比对和系统发育分析,结果显示2株菌均属于假单胞菌属,与门多萨假单胞菌的同源性最高,达99%以上.      

同步硝化反硝化系统中反硝化细菌多样性研究

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和分子克隆构建nirS克隆文库对同步硝化反硝化系统好氧池中反硝化细菌多样性进行了研究.从克隆文库中随机挑选75个克隆子进行序列测定,对测序结果进行了BLAST比对.结果表明,有74个克隆子分属于3个不同的细菌类群,包括β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria和Uncultured bacterium. β-Proteobacteria纲为好氧池内优势菌群,占文库比例的54.41%;其次是γ-Proteobacteria纲,占文库比例的25%.对测序得到的12个OTU用MEGA软件进行系统发育分析,结果显示Thauera属为该系统中最主要的脱氮菌属.     

磷酸铁污泥的生物还原释磷及其影响因素研究

以污水处理厂化学除磷工艺产生的磷酸铁(FePO4)污泥为研究对象,在厌氧条件下,考察了铁还原细菌(IRB)还原FePO4释放磷的可行性,并探讨了不同碳源、C/Fe摩尔比、添加蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐(AQDS)对IRB利用FePO4还原释磷的影响.研究结果表明,通过驯化可从普通活性污泥富集IRB,且利用IRB可对难溶性沉淀FePO4进行生物还原.IRB能够利用葡萄糖、乙酸钠及丙酸钠作为唯一电子供体,使FePO4发生异化还原,产生Fe(Ⅱ)并释放磷酸盐,且泥水混合液中Fe(Ⅱ)累积量与上清液中磷累积量变化趋势一致.在等摩尔碳量前提下,葡萄糖为碳源时释磷率可达51.6%,比乙酸钠和丙酸钠分别高13.8%和20.3%;以葡萄糖为碳源,C/Fe摩尔比为5:1时释磷率最大;添加电子穿梭体AQDS可使FePO4污泥释磷率提高12.6%.     

污水处理系统中硝化菌的菌群结构和动态变化

研究分析了4种不同工艺类型的城市污水处理厂中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)的丰度及菌群结构.实时定量PCR结果表明4种工艺中AOB菌群的丰度范围为8.56×106~4.46×107cells/gMLSS;NOB菌群的丰度为3.37×108~1.53×109cells/gMLSS.每个工艺中Nitrospira都是优势NOB,占NOB菌群的88% 以上. A2O工艺冬季AOB和Nitrospira丰度比夏季均有所降低,这是导致冬季生物脱氮效果变差的主要原因.基于 amoA基因的系统发育分析结果显示所有的序列属于Nitrosomonas,其中Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster 占克隆文库的60.1%,是AOB 种群中的优势菌属,Nitrosomonas-like cluster和 Nitrosomonas europaea cluster次之,分别占克隆文库的29.6%和9.1%.N. europaea cluster只在A2O工艺中出现,且在A2O工艺夏季污泥样品克隆文库中达到44.7%.低DO运行使N. europaea cluster成为优势AOB是A2O工艺夏季出现较高亚硝酸盐积累率的主要原因.研究结果证实了城市污水处理厂中优势AOB和NOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira,硝化菌群占总菌群的1%~7%,其丰度、相对含量和菌群结构是影响硝化效果的主要因素.     

Abatement of sulfide generation in sewage by glutaraldehyde supplementation and the impact on the activated sludge accordingly

Hydrogen sulfide emission in sewer systems is associated with toxicity, corrosion, odour nuisance and high costs treatment. In this study, a novel method to inhibit sulfide generation from sewage by means of glutaraldehyde supplementation has been suggested and evaluated under anaerobic conditions. Different concentrations of glutaraldehyde at 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 mg·L^-1 have been investigated. Besides, the possible impacts of glutaraldehyde supplementation on an activated sludge system and an appraisal of the economic aspects are presented as well. As observed from the experimental results, a dosage of 20 mg·L^-1 glutaraldehyde resulted in a significant decrease of the sulfide production by 70%–80% in the simulated sewage. Moreover, the impacts of additional glutaraldehyde at 20 mg·L^-1 on activated sludge, in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal and oxygen uptake rates, were negligible. From an economical point of view, the cost of the commercial glutaraldehyde products required in the operation, which was calculated on the basis of activated sulfide removal avoidance, was around €3.7–4.6 S·kg^-1. Therefore it is suggested that glutaraldehyde supplementation is a feasible technique to abate the sulfide problems in sewer systems. Yet further research is required to elucidate the optimum “booster” dosage and the dosing frequency in situ accordingly.