油田污水处理水质影响因素与改善措施

随着油田开发阶段的延长,污水处理系统能力出现不足,排污系统和日常排污以及收油是影响油田污水处理水质的重要因素。针对这些因素提出利用人工湿地对洗井、修井污水进行处理,减轻水处理站压力,通过合理加药提高除油罐除油效率,从含油污水进口进行杀菌,防止对管线设备的腐蚀,防止细菌菌体堵塞过滤器,过滤后根据细菌监测结果再次进行杀菌,保证出水合格等改善措施。     

Importance of sulfate reducing bacteria in mercury methylation and demethylation in periphyton from Bolivian Amazon region

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are important mercury methylators in sediments, but information on mercury methylators in other compartments is ambiguous. To investigate SRB involvement in methylation in Amazonian periphyton, the relationship between Hg methylation potential and SRB (Desulfobacteraceae, Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae) abundance in Eichhornia crassipes and Polygonum densiflorum root associated periphyton was examined. Periphyton subsamples of each macrophyte were amended with electron donors (lactate, acetate and propionate) or inhibitors (molybdate) of sulfate reduction to create differences in SRB subgroup abundance, which was measured by quantitative real-time PCR with primers specific for the 16S rRNA gene. Mercury methylation and demethylation potentials were determined by a stable isotope tracer technique using ²⁰⁰HgCl and CH₃²⁰²HgCl, respectively. Relative abundance of Desulfobacteraceae (<0.01-12.5%) and Desulfovibrionaceae (0.01-6.8%) were both highly variable among samples and subsamples, but a significant linear relationship (p < 0.05) was found between Desulfobacteraceae abundance and net methylmercury formation among treatments of the same macrophyte periphyton and among all P. densiflorum samples, suggesting that Desulfobacteraceae bacteria are the most important mercury methylators among SRB families. Yet, molybdate only partially inhibited mercury methylation potentials, suggesting the involvement of other microorganisms as well. The response of net methylmercury production to the different electron donors and molybdate was highly variable (3-1104 pg g⁻¹ in 12 h) among samples, as was the net formation in control samples (17-164 pg g⁻¹ in 12 h). This demonstrates the importance of community variability and complexity of microbial interactions for the overall methylmercury production in periphyton and their response to external stimulus.     

球形红细菌好氧降解氯代苯研究

采用光合细菌球形红细菌在好氧条件下对氯代苯进行生物降解.结果表明,氯代苯不能作为球形红细菌生长的惟一碳源和能源,球形红细菌好氧降解氯代苯是在适宜碳源存在下以共代谢的方式进行;根据分析细胞提取液中双加氧酶活性和代谢中间产物,推断出其降解机制为邻位裂解途径,按先开环再脱氯过程进行,邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的活性可以通过氯代...     

稠油降解菌的筛选、鉴定与菌群构建

分别以烷烃、芳烃、胶质沥青质为唯一碳源,从稠油污染过的土壤里分离、筛选可培养的降解菌,将16株组合构建SL-16稠油降解菌群,通过室内摇瓶实验测得该菌群在最佳条件下对陈庄油田稠油降解率可达68%,其适宜的生长及降解温度为35～45℃,pH值为7.0～9.0,含盐量为4 000～14 000 mg/L,接种量为2%,稠油...     

畜禽养殖污水中高效氨氮降解菌的筛选、鉴定及生长条件研究

从养殖污水中分离纯化得到1株高效氨氮降解菌,对其进行形态特征、生理生化、16S rDNA序列分析以及最佳生长条件研究,并将菌株投入养殖污水降解污水中的氨氮。结果表明：AN4菌株在NH4＋-N初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,24 h内的氨氮降解率为92.5%;初步鉴定该菌株为苍白杆菌属（Ochrobactrum sp.）,菌株的16S rDNA序列在Gen-Bank的登录号为GU345782;AN4菌株在装液量为60.64 mL,pH为7.06,葡萄糖为6.0 g/L的条件下培养,菌株的降解率可以达到94.28%;菌株对养殖污水中氨氮的降解率为12.3%。苍白杆菌菌属能够降畜禽养殖污水中的氨氮还未见报道,AN4菌株的筛选获得为生物降解养殖污水中的氨氮又提供了一种新型菌株。     

Application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for enhancing bioavailability and phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) from polluted soil

In this study, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus megaterium, were used to enhance Cd bioavailability and phytoextractability of Cd from contaminated soils. This strain showed a potential for directly solubilizing phosphorous from soils more than 10 folds greater than the control without inoculation. The results of pot experiments revealed that inoculation with B. megaterium significantly increased the extent of Cd accumulation in Brassica juncea and Abutilon theophrasti by two folds relative to the uninoculated control. The maximum Cd concentrations due to inoculation were 1.6 and 1.8 mg Cd g⁻¹ plant for B. juncea and A. theophrasti after 10 wk, respectively. The total biomass of A. theophrasti was not significantly promoted by the inoculation treatment, yet the total biomass of B. juncea increased from 0.087 to 0.448 g. It is also worth to mention that B. juncea predominantly accumulates Cd in its stems (39%) whereas A. theophrasti accumulates it in its leaves (68%) after 10 wk. The change of the Cd speciation indicated that inoculation of B. megaterium as PSB increased the bioavailabilty of Cd and consequently enhanced its uptake by plants. The present study may provide a new insight for improving phytoremediation using PSB in the Cd-contaminated soils.     

超声波-缺氧／好氧污泥消化反应器中氨氧化细菌群落结构的演变

为了揭示超声波-缺氧／好氧污泥消化反应器中氨氧化细菌群落结构多样性的演变过程,采用变性梯度凝胶技术（PCR—DGGE）研究不同运行时期氨氧化细菌群落结构的变化。DGGE分析表明,反应器中氨氧化细菌群落比较丰富。在反应器运行的不同时期,氨氧化细菌的群落结构发生了一定的变化,反映了种群的动态演变。UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱分为3大类群并对应于各自的运行时期。测序结果表明,反应器中的优势种群属于变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,包括α-proteobacteria,β-proteobacteria,γ-proteobacteria和ε-proteobacteria4个纲,其中β-proteobacteria占45％,γ-proteobacteria占40％。在始终保持明显优势地位的种属中,5株为反硝化细菌,它们对提高反应器脱氮效率具有重要作用。     

高效石油烃降解菌SKD-1的分离、筛选及其降解性能

从孤岛油田石油污染土壤中分离到一株高效石油降解菌,命名为SKD-1。该菌株菌落表面湿润光滑、边缘整齐、圆形、不透明、乳黄色,能够利用葡萄糖和淀粉作为其生长的碳源和能源,其最适生长环境为碱性（pH8-10）,在分别以正十六烷烃和原油为惟一碳源,温度为30℃,摇床（180r／min）培养的条件下,菌株SKD-1的降解率分别为66．1％和36．9％。16SrRNA基因序列分析表明,菌株SKD-1与不动杆菌AcinetobactercalcoaceticusSY-1同源性达99％。结合菌株SKD．1菌落形态、理化性质以及系统发育分析,可以鉴定菌株SKD-1属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobactersp．）,序列登录号为AB774229。     

Effects of probiotic bacteria on the bioaccessibility of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A using an in vitro digestion model under fed conditions

In the present study, we aimed at determining the release of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ochratoxin A (OTA) from different food products in the gastro-intestinal tract in the absence and presence of probiotics, a possible adsorbent. The average bioaccessibility of AFB₁ and OTA without probiotics was about 90%, and 30%, respectively, depending on several factors, such as food product, contamination level, compound and type of contamination (spiked versus naturally contaminated). The six probiotic bacteria showed varying binding capacity to AFB₁ and OTA depending on the bacterial strain, toxin studied, type of food and contamination level. A reduction to a maximum of 37% and 73% as observed for the bioaccessibility of AFB₁ and OTA in the presence of probiotic bacteria, respectively. This is the first report on the effect of probiotic bacteria on reducing the fraction of mycotoxins available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract from different food products.     

光合细菌利用沼液废水制氢的影响因素

沼液资源化利用将是未来热点问题,首次尝试研究利用光合细菌处理沼液废水的产氢工艺条件,探讨反应预处理时间、光照度、温度、沼液的pH值和接种量因素对光合细菌产氢过程的影响。结果表明,在光照厌氧的条件下,光合细菌产氢的最佳工艺条件为:温度35℃,光照度1 000 lux,pH值9,接种量50%,反应预处理时间24 h,最大产氢量达到500mL/(200 mL沼液),对进一步研究开发光合细菌处理沼液废水和产氢有重要的参考价值。