温度对沉水植物腐解释放DOM及微生物群落多样性的影响

在5,10,20,35℃下研究了黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解过程中DOM的特性、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的变化.结果表明,腐解结束时5,10,20,35℃下黑藻的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的59.13%、43.91%、32.61%和29.57%,马来眼子菜的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的69.13%、51.3%、30.87%和29.57%.升高温度一定程度上促进了植物有机碳和全氮释放,对全磷无明显影响（P>0.05）.采用平行因子分析法得到黑藻中含有2种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和1种类蛋白质组分C3,马来眼子菜中含有3种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和C3.温度升高使得腐解水体中DO和电导率的变化程度加剧,总体上4种温度下2种植物腐解水体中DO均呈现先下降后上升的趋势.通过高通量测序得到腐解前期（0~16d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的主要细菌分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;腐解中后期（16~68d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的细菌分别以厚壁菌门（Phylum Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,温度对细菌群落结构无明显影响,而参与2种植物腐解的真菌均以子囊菌（Ascomycetes）最为活跃.     

包埋厌氧氨氧化的脱氮特性及其微生物群落结构

采用聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯作为载体,分别以N,N,N,‘N’-四甲基乙二胺（TEMED）,过硫酸钾（KPS）作为促进剂和引发剂,对厌氧氨氧化菌进行包埋固定化.采用正交试验优化包埋条件,得到的最佳条件为：10% PEGDA单体,0.25% KPS,0.5% TEMED,最佳的操作条件为：聚合温度20℃,聚合时间控制在5min左右,菌胶比选取1：1.包埋颗粒的连续流实验表明,颗粒经过短暂的活性恢复后,脱氮效果不断提升,并且对水力负荷的提高有一定的抗冲击能力.扫描电镜（SEM）表明本实验包埋材料具有很好的生物相容性,且具有良好的传质性能.高通量测序显示,稳定运行一段时间后,颗粒内微生物多样性略有减小,厌氧氨氧化功能菌Candidatus Kuenenia占整个微生物体系比例由6.58%上升至9.8%,微生物种群的变化说明了包埋后厌氧氨氧化性能能够得到更大的提升.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌中甲酸脱氢酶基因产氢研究

通过基因筛选,成功分离并克隆到蜡样芽胞杆菌XN12（Bacillus cereus XN12）的甲酸脱氢酶基因fdhF（formate dehydrogenase）,该基因全长2937bp,GC含量39.3%,编码978个氨基酸,与已报道的蜡样芽孢杆菌Q1的fdhF基因（GenBank No.CP000227.1）同源性达到100%.将其连接在表达载体pET32a上并融合His标签,构建了重组质粒pET32a-FDHF-His,转入大肠杆菌BL21（Escherichia coli BL21）后获得了高效表达.重组菌株经IPTG诱导后经WesternBlot分析表明,重组蛋白分子量约为108kDa.通过对重组菌株产氢性能试验表明,重组菌对提高产氢率具有一定促进作用,产氢量为每消耗1mol的葡萄糖和甲酸盐分别能产生0.73mol和0.20mol的氢气.     

New molecular method to detect denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria from different environmental niches

The denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation is an ecologically important process for reducing the potential methane emission into the atmosphere. The responsible bacterium for this process was Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera belonging to the bacterial phylum of NC10. In this study, a new pair of primers targeting all the five groups of NC10 bacteria was designed to amplify NC10 bacteria from different environmental niches. The results showed that the group A was the dominant NC10 phylum bacteria from the sludges and food waste digestate while in paddy soil samples, group A and group B had nearly the same proportion. Our results also indicated that NC10 bacteria could exist in a high pH environment (pH 9.24) from the food waste treatment facility. The Pearson relationship analysis showed that the pH had a significant positive relationship with the NC10 bacterial diversity (p < 0.05). The redundancy analysis further revealed that the pH, volatile solid and nitrite nitrogen were the most important factors in shaping the NC10 bacterial structure (p = 0.01) based on the variation inflation factors selection and Monte Carlo test (999 times). Results of this study extended the existing molecular tools for studying the NC10 bacterial community structures and provided new information on the ecological distributions of NC10 bacteria.     

Microbial methylation of mercury in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

正Methylmercury(MeHg)is an organic form of the global pollutant mercury(Hg)which readily accumulates in fish tissue.A majority of Hg methylation is a result of microbial activity and the abundance of inorganic Hg within the water reservoirs(Eckley et al.,2017).Compared to natural lakes and rivers,reservoirs have elevated Hg levels from the decomposition of recently flooded organic material which promote Hg     

Sulfur dioxide and o-xylene co-treatment in biofilter: Performance, bacterial populations and bioaerosols emissions

Sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and benzene homologs are frequently present in the off-gas during the process of sewage sludge drying. A laboratory scale biofilter was set up to co-treat SO_2 and o-xylene in the present study. SO_2 and o-xylene could be removed simultaneously in a single biofilter. Their concentration ratio in the inlet stream influenced the removal efficiencies. It is worth noting that the removal of SO_2 could be enhanced when low concentrations of o-xylene were introduced into the biofilter. Pseudomonas sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Bacillus sp. were the main functional bacteria groups in the biofilter. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria(SOB) and o-xylene-degrading bacteria(XB) thrived in the biofilter and their counts as well as their growth rate increased with the increase in amount of SO_2 and o-xylene supplied. The microbial populations differed in counts and species due to the properties and components of the compounds being treated in the biofilter. The presence of mixed substrates enhanced the diversity of the microbial population. During the treatment process, bioaerosols including potentially pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Acinetobacter lwoffii and Aeromonas sp., were emitted from the biofilter. Further investigation is needed to focus on the potential hazards caused by the bioaerosols emitted from waste gas treatment bioreactors.     

Effects of C/N ratio on nitrate removal and floc morphology of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in a nitrate-containing wastewater treatment process

The effects of C/N ratio of a nitrate-containing wastewater on nitrate removal performed by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria as well as on the morphological parameters of floc such as floc morphology, floc number distribution, mean particle size(MPS), aspect ratio and transparency were examined in this study. The results showed that the nitrate reduction rate increased with increasing C/N ratio from 0.5 to 10 and that the nitrogen removal of up to 95% was found at the C/N ratios of higher than 5(between 0.5–10). Besides, high C/N ratio values reflected a corresponding high nitrite accumulation after 12-hr operation, and a fast decreasing rate of nitrite in the rest of operational time. The final p H values increased with the C/N ratio increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, but decreased with the C/N ratio increasing from2.5 to 10. There were no significant changes in floc morphology with the MPSs ranging from35 to 40 μm. Small and medium-sized flocs were dominant in the sludge suspension, and the number of flocs increased with the increasing C/N ratios. Furthermore, the highest apparent frequency of 10% was observed at aspect ratios of 0.5 and 0.6, while the transparency of flocs changed from 0.1 to 0.7.     

Inhibitive effects of chlortetracycline on performance of the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process and strategies for recovery

The short-and long-term effects of chlortetracycline(CTC) on the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) process were evaluated. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of CTC in the batch tests of the nitritation-anammox process was 278.91 mg/L at an exposure time of 12 hr. The long-term effects of CTC on the process were examined in a continuous-flow nitritation-anammox reactor. Within 14 days, the nitrogen removal rate significantly decreased from 0.61 to 0.25 kg N/m~3/day with 60 mg/L CTC in the influent.The performance suppressed by CTC barely recovered, even after CTC was removed from the influent. Furthermore, the inhibition of CTC also reduced the relative abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria(An AOB)in the reactor, resulting in both a decreased amount of and an imbalance between AOB and An AOB. When fresh anammox sludge was reseeded into the nitritation-anammox reactor,the nitrogen removal rate recovered to 0.09 ± 0.03 kg N/m~3/day.     

ABR-MBR组合工艺短程硝化过程的微生物种群

采用Miseq高通量测序技术研究氨氮进水负荷对ABR-MBR组合工艺MBR池中微生物种群的丰度及优势菌群的影响.结果表明,温度为28~32℃、pH值为7.1~7.4、DO为0.5~1mg/L并逐步提高氨氮进水负荷的条件下,可以使氨氧化菌（AOB）大量富集,并抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,从而实现短程硝化的稳定运行.在氨氮进水负荷为0.94kg/（m³·d）时,平均亚硝酸盐积累率达到60%以上,氨氮去除率稳定在90%.在系统运行过程中,变形菌门是系统中的优势菌门,Nitrosomonas的相对丰度由4.97%升至22.56%,硝化螺菌属的相对丰度为0.06%~2.12%.因此,ABR-MBR组合工艺短程硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累率与AOB的活性、相对丰度密切相关,即AOB的大量富集可以有效实现短程硝化,而NOB的小幅度增长不会影响短程硝化的实现.系统中微生物种群的多样性和功能微生物的结构稳定性保证了ABR-MBR工艺具有稳定和较好的处理效果.     

船舶微生物腐蚀与防护研究进展

近年来,随着腐蚀研究的不断深入,船舶上一些异常快速的腐蚀问题引起了人们的注意,由此发现微生物腐蚀在船舶上的大量存在。与其他工业体系相比,我国船舶系统微生物腐蚀的研究起步较晚,与国外相比,在重视程度和机理研究层面存在一定差距,亟待加强机理和防护技术领域研究。针对这个问题,文中系统分析了船舶微生物腐蚀的发生位点与危害、腐蚀微生物群落结构、船舶材料的微生物腐蚀以及防护措施等四个方面的最新研究进展,并在此基础上,提出了对船舶微生物腐蚀研究工作的建议,希望能够引起学术界和工业界的重视,以期在相关领域取得突破性进展。