不同河道型微污染水源预处理工程水质净化效能及水质稳定性评价

为探究兼备水质净化及应急蓄水功能的两种不同微污染饮用水源预处理工程夏季高温期水质净化效果及浮游植物水华爆发风险,于2019年高温期（7—8月）对盐龙湖工程（由预处理单元、人工湿地净化单元及深度净化单元构成）和通榆河工程（由生物接触氧化池,高密度沉淀池及蓄水库构成）各处理单元出水水质及浮游植物群落进行监测分析.结果表明：①夏季蟒蛇河及通榆河水质较差,主要表现为浊度、营养盐和有机物浓度高,DO含量低.两种预处理工程都具有较高的除浊、降低营养盐和提升DO效率,其中,通榆河工程中分别高达89.01%、95.13%和227.00%,净化效能优于盐龙湖工程（分别高达50.55%、38.33%和144.00%）;②夏季高温期间,盐龙湖工程及通榆河工程蓄水单元总浮游植物及蓝藻细胞密度分别为1.71×10⁶ ind·L^-1和1.28×10⁶ ind·L^-1,2.23×10⁶ ind·L^-1和0.96×10⁶ cells·L^-1.两预处理工程蓄水单元藻类构成都以蓝藻为主,其中通榆河蓄水单元藻细胞密度较高,盐龙湖蓄水单元蓝藻细胞密度所占比例较高,结合蓄水单元水质变化（浊度降低,水下光照强度的增加）,两预处理工程蓄水单元仍都具有蓝藻水华的风险;③两种预处理工程中都划分出17个FG和6个MBFG.盐龙湖工程中优势FG为：B、D、P、TC、J、Lo、W1和W2;优势MBFG为：GroupⅢ、GroupⅣ、GroupⅤ、GroupⅥ和GroupⅦ;通榆河工程中优势FG为：B、D、P、Lo、M和W1;优势MBFG为：GroupⅣ、GroupⅤ、GroupⅥ和GroupⅦ.两种功能群都能很好地响应预处理工程中水环境的变化,而MBFG的生境响应性更强,影响优势MBFG的主要环境因子为浊度、电导率、营养盐和COD_Mn.因此,在夏季高温期,需优化预处理工程的工艺与运行,调控关键环境因子,以期能够控制浮游植物大量繁殖和维持水质稳定.     

滨岸带水华堆积与消散特征及其营养盐效应

为了解滨岸带植被、地形等地貌要素对蓝藻水华堆积及消散过程的影响,在太湖滨岸带设置不同形式的围格和植被实验区,通过逐日监测水体叶绿素a（Chl-a）的消长过程及同步营养盐变化,研究夏季蓝藻水华在湖泊滨岸带堆积与消散特征和营养盐效应.结果表明,滨岸带的地形地貌及植被状况对蓝藻水华的堆积程度及消散过程影响较大,软围隔营造的滨岸带静水环境,以及不同植被所形成的不同滞水区,显著加剧了蓝藻水华的局部堆积,从岸边挺水和浮叶植被区到开敞水域对照区,蓝藻水华的堆积程度依次递减;近岸挺水和浮叶植被区蓝藻水华堆积最严重,堆积时间最早,持续时间长;蓝藻水华堆积对营养盐等水质指标影响极大,堆积严重时该区域Chl-a含量达到了457.42μg/L,总氮（TN）达到11.04mg/L,总磷（TP）达到1.32mg/L;橡胶围格内浮叶植物区藻类堆积程度与近岸区类似,而浮叶植物与沉水植物混合区藻类堆积程度低于单一浮叶植物区;水体围隔能够加剧蓝藻水华的堆积,没有围隔的浮叶植物区藻类堆积程度最低.在蓝藻水华堆积过程中,蓝藻细胞仍在继续增殖,水体Chl-a仍会明显增加,而同期的水体营养盐的增幅小于Chl-a,甚至随着藻类生长消耗及生态系统的脱氮效应,溶解态氮磷下降明显.蓝藻水华消散过程中,TN、TP与Chl-a同步下降,但藻体中的氮磷释放到水中,导致堆积区的溶解态氮、磷有所增加,显示出明显的营养盐效应.本研究定量刻画了蓝藻水华局部堆积并快速致灾的地形地貌要素特点,揭示了蓝藻水华的水质与生态效应,为科学评估富营养化水体蓝藻水华的生态灾害风险提供科学依据.     

氧化石墨烯对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯藻毒性的影响

以海洋微藻青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica var.tingtaoensis)为受试对象,研究了氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)单独及共同对青岛大扁藻的急性毒性效应,考察了藻细胞的生长状况,光合色素产量,细胞通透性,氧化应激指标及扫描电镜,以探讨GO的加入对DBP藻毒性的影响.结果表明,低浓度GO(0.1~10 mg·L~(-1))对青岛大扁藻的藻密度和叶绿素产量无明显影响,但藻细胞通透性随GO浓度升高显著增加(P0.05),10mg·L~(-1)时达到空白组的2.2倍.DBP对青岛大扁藻的EC50,96 h为(11.14±0.80)mg·L~(-1),其毒性远大于GO(EC50,96 h大于100mg·L~(-1)).1 mg·L~(-1)GO的加入使DBP的EC50,96 h降低到(4.93±2.14)mg·L~(-1),低浓度GO对DBP藻毒性表现出一定的增强作用.1 mg·L~(-1)的GO加入时,对低浓度DBP组(0.1~2 mg·L~(-1))的藻密度、叶绿素产量、细胞通透性水平没有显著性影响,但加剧了高浓度DBP组(4 mg·L~(-1))对藻密度、叶绿素产量的抑制,使单个藻细胞内ROS和SOD平均增加了21%和7%.扫描电镜结果发现GO对藻细胞具有覆盖,包裹及聚集作用,这些可能是DBP藻毒性增强的主要原因.该结果为揭示新型污染物碳纳米材料对海洋生物的风险提供了数据支持.     

The algal community as an indicator of the trophic status of Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico

An evaluation of water quality and phytoplankton composition position was carried out in order to determine the trophic conditions of Lake Patzcuaro (2035 m above sea level), a high altitude tropical lake. Temperatures ranged from 15 to 23 degrees C. Total phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen showed a seasonal variation; highest values coincided with the rainy season (0.48 and 2.1 mg litre(-1), respectively). Dissolved oxygen ranged from 2 to 7.9 mg litre(-1) at the surface and from 0.6 to 7.3 mg litre(-1) on the bottom, the lowest values being found in shallow zones. Average transparency varied from 0.62 to 1.4 m Secchi depth. Rainfall was a primary factor in seasonal variability as it influenced both physical and biological conditions by contributing to the transport and deposition of silt, which mixed with sinking algal cells. The composition of the surface phytoplankton segregated along five major divisions comprising a total of 49 species. General seasonal patterns of dominance alternated in a sequence beginning with Bacillariophyta, through Chlorophyta to Cyanophyta. Diatoms, the dominant group from February to early June, included Melosira granulata, Stephanodiscus sp., Synedra sp. and Fragilaria sp. During the rainy season (late June to September), Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria sp., Anabaena sp., Merismopedia sp., Crucigenia cuadrata, Oocystis lacustris, Selenastrum gracile, Mallomonas sp. and Tetraediella sp. were important. Melosira granulata was present throughout the period of study. Spatial and temporal variability in both physical and biological conditions make it difficult to assign a specific trophic state to Lake Patzcuaro. Nevertheless, analysis of the algal community indicates a generally mesotrophic condition.     

利用络氨铜控制景观水体藻华

研究了络氨铜对不同生长期的典型蓝藻（铜绿微囊藻,Microcystis aeruginosa）15d生长抑制影响的基础上,开展了络氨铜对不同时期景观池水中叶绿素a含量的影响,并跟踪测定了其中的有效铜离子浓度变化.结果表明,络氨铜在0.10mg·L-1（络氨铜的有效浓度,下同）时,可完全抑制适应期铜绿微囊藻的生长;在4d...     

凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...     

水体富营养化及蓝藻水华预警模型研究进展

目前,水体富营养化及蓝藻水华污染已成为最为突出的世界性水环境问题之一,做好水华的预测预警工作显得尤为重要.预警模型是水体富营养化及蓝藻水华预警工作的前提与基础.文章讨论了主要预警参数因子的选择,包括物理因子、化学因子和生物因子;介绍了常用的水体寓营养化及蓝藻水华预警模型的研究进展,总结了各个常用模型的概念、优缺点、建模...     

Long-term joint e ect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication a ect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0°C. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the e ect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint e ect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

Eutrophication and algal blooms in channel type reservoirs: A novel enclosure experiment by changing light intensity

To explore eutrophication and algal bloom mechanisms in channel type reservoirs, a novel enclosure experiment was conducted by changing light intensity (LI) in the Daning River of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Square enclosures (side 5.0 m) were covered on the surface with shading materials of different thickness, and with their bases open to the river. Changes and characteristics of the main eutrophication factors under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions but different LI were evaluated. All experimental water samples were neutral and alkalescent, with high nitrogen and phosphate concentrations, low potassium permanganate index, stable water quality, and different LI. At the same water depth, LI decreased with increasing shade material, while dissolved oxygen and water temperature were both stable. The growth peak of phytoplankton was with light of 345-4390 lux underwater or 558-7450 lux above the water surface, and water temperature of 25.6-26.5℃. Algae were observed in all water samples, accounting for 6 phylum and 57 species, with algal density changing frequently. The results showed that significantly strong or weak light was unfavorable for phytoplankton growth and the function together with suitable temperature and LI and ample sunshine encouraged algal blooms under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that algae reduced gradually lengthwise along water depth in the same enclosure while pH became high. The power exponent relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and LI was found by curve fitting, that is Chl-a = K(LI)ⁿ.     

应用生态系统模型研究淀山湖富营养化控制方案

由于淀山湖上游污染负荷以及周边污水的排放,淀山湖已经严重富营养化。通过建立淀山湖生态系统模型,基于大量现场实测数据,对生态系统模型进行率定和验证,并利用生态系统模型对淀山湖N,P营养盐时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了系统研究,对各污染负荷削减的富营养化控制方案的效果进行模拟。模拟结果显示:该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化;淀山湖污染负荷主要来自于上游负荷,削减上游负荷对水质改善效果明显好于其他污染源削减方案;削减上游负荷95%以上,才能有效抑制蓝藻水华;P对蓝藻生长的控制效果好于控制氮。