以再生水为补水的景观水体水华爆发特征调查和药剂应急控藻效果评价

采用现场调查和实验室验证的方法,对以再生水为景观补水的水华优势藻进行了分析。2年的现场调查表明,再生水在条件适合时极易发生水华,且水华的优势藻以小球藻为主。在实验室针对小球藻和铜绿微囊藻进行了竞争生长实验研究,在再生水的氮磷浓度范围内小球藻生长快于铜绿微囊藻,这也验证了再生水作为景观水补水时小球藻是优势藻现场调查结论。针对水华爆发初期和水华爆发验证时2种条件,比较研究了4种以化学成分为主的抑藻药剂对以小球藻为水华特征藻的控藻效果。结果表明,这4种药剂对水华的控制均具有一定的效果,并且水华初期实施药剂抑藻,药剂投加少,且效果好。对4种药剂进行急性毒性实验,只有S2一种药剂在安全浓度时对水华爆发初期有抑藻效果。     

基于BP人工神经网络和模糊理论的太湖蓝藻水华发生风险评价

目前,湖泊蓝藻水华是我国乃至世界的重大环境问题之一。蓝藻水华的暴发机制复杂,具有明显的不确定性。以太湖为例,根据近5 a水环境和水华发生的实测数据,结合BP（Back Propagation）人工神经网络和模糊理论,建立了蓝藻水华发生风险的模糊风险评价方法。对太湖9个水环境功能区的评价结果表明：西部沿岸区、梅梁湖蓝藻水华发生风险最大,为重度蓝藻水华风险区;竺山湖、五里湖次之,为中度蓝藻水华风险区;南部沿岸区、贡湖、湖心区为轻度蓝藻水华风险区,东太湖和东部沿岸区水华发生风险最小,为轻微蓝藻水华风险区。建立的评价方法和评价结果,可为蓝藻水华的预测、预警以及风险管理提供参考和依据。     

Structure-related distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and HCB in a river-sea system

Water concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and non-ortho, mono-ortho, and non-dioxin-like PCBs were measured four times during 1 year in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea, to investigate background levels and distribution behaviour. Sampling sites included two rivers, an estuary, and the sea. Particulate and apparently dissolved concentrations were determined using active sampling (filters + PUFs), while freely dissolved concentrations were determined using passive sampling (POM-samplers). The distribution between particulate + colloidal and freely dissolved phases, in the form of TOC-normalized distribution ratios (K_TOC), was found to be near or at equilibrium. The observed K_TOC were not significantly different between sampling sites or seasons. For PCDD/Fs, the concentrations were significantly correlated to suspended particulate matter (SPM), while no correlation to organic carbon (TOC) was observed. In the estuary and the sea, PCB concentrations were correlated to TOC. The sorption of various congeners to SPM and TOC appeared to be related to both hydrophobicity and 3D-structure. The PCDD/F concentration in the sea decreased to one third in May, likely connected to the increased vertical flux of particles during the spring bloom.     

北京城市河湖营养状态与蓝藻水华研究

2003-2004年的调研结果显示,北京城市河湖(长河水系)总氮平均含量为1.667 mg/L,总磷平均含量为0.144 mg/L,浮游藻类平均细胞密度为41 150×104/L,其中蓝藻占90.0%.浮游藻类的群落结构为蓝藻(Cyanophyta)-绿藻(Chlorophyta)型,河湖水体中营养盐与初级生产力的关系为浮游藻类响应型,连续两年发生以微囊藻(Microcystis)占优势的蓝藻水华.河湖水体5项指标(SD、TP、TN、CODMn、Chla)的TSIM值在57～87间,水体已达到富营养或重富营养程度.其主要原因是:1)营养盐和有机物的污染;2)北京市淡水资源紧缺,补给城市河湖水量少;3)在河湖水系治理中,底部硬化,两侧(或周围)衬砌,破坏了水体的自然生态系统,使其自净能力大大降低.     

围隔中水华控制实验

目前我国很多湖泊和水库处于富营养化状态,其显著表现之一是微囊藻(Microcystis)在湖泊生态系统中恶性生长,形成水华,使水体群落结构恶化,湖泊水产品产量降低,湖泊丧失旅游价值,尤其严重的是影响了自来水厂的正常运行。 许多学者对控制微囊藻的生长进行过研究,其中最主要的方法是减少营养元素(主要是磷、氮进入湖泊的控制),对流域的点污染源和面污染源进行控制。这种方法耗资大,就我国的经济承受能力而言,短期内还很难全面实行。生物控制方法有引入微囊藻致病微生物或引入捕食微囊藻的浮游动物和鱼类,但目前仅处在实验室阶段。在以供水为主要功能的水体中,用化学方法控制微囊藻生长是使用比较广泛的方法。近年来,人们虽然试验了一万余种有机化合物的杀藻作用,但最常用的化学除藻剂仍是硫酸铜。这些除     

^15N isotope fractionation in an aquatic food chain： Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） as an algal control agent

15N isotope tracer techniques and ecological modeling were adopted to investigate the fractionation of nitrogen,its uptake and transformation in algae and snail(Bellamya aeruginosa Reeve).Different algal species were found to differ in their uptake of nitrogen isotopes.Microcystis aeruginisa Ktz.demonstrated the greatest 15N accumulation capacity,with the natural variation in isotopic ratio(δ 15N) and the isotope fractionation factor(ε,‰) being the highest among the species investigated.The transformation and utilization of 15N by snails differed depending on the specific algae consumed(highest for Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick.,lowest for M.aeruginisa).When snails was seeded in the experimental pond,the algae population structure changed significantly,and total algal biomass as well as the concentration of all nitrogen species decreased,causing an increase in water transparency.A model,incorporating several chemical and biological parameters,was developed to predict algal biomass in an aquatic system when snails was present.The data collected during this investigation indicated that the gastropods such as snails could significantly impact biological community and water quality of small water bodies,suggesting a role for biological control of noxious algal blooms associated with eutrophication.     

藻形态及混凝剂组成对混凝-超滤过程的影响

为了保证藻类暴发阶段优质的饮用水供应,提高藻类的去除率,缓解藻类对水处理过程的影响,本研究以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、小球藻(绿藻)和小环藻(硅藻)这3种不同形态藻细胞为研究对象,使用了3种具有不同铝形态分布的混凝剂[Al_2(SO_4)_3(AS)、Al_(13)、Al_(30)]进行混凝-超滤实验.在分离胞外有机物(EOM)的情况下,考察混凝过程中絮体的特性(粒径,强度因子,恢复因子)以及不同条件下形成的絮体对膜通量的影响.结果表明Al_(13)与Al_(30)的混凝作用以静电簇作用为主导,AS主要是以电中和作用为主导.对于铜绿微囊藻与小球藻体系,由于藻颗粒表面存在一定的凹陷,当Al_(13)与Al_(30)做混凝剂时,在投加量较低的情况下,吸附在颗粒表面凹陷处的混凝剂“失活”,其他部位由于仍带有一定的负电荷而造成絮体形成不明显,而AS做混凝剂时,混凝机制主要是电中和作用,可以明显降低颗粒之间的排斥力,在较低投加量下即可形成絮体.对于小环藻体系,由于其藻细胞呈现光滑的表面,Al_(13)与Al_(30)可有效发挥其静电簇作用机制,絮体在较低投加量下即可有效形成.膜通量与絮体粒径有明显的相关性,絮体粒径越大,超滤过程中形成的沉积层越疏松,膜比通量越大.     

高效藻类塘对农村生活污水的处理及氮的迁移转化

研究了高效藻类塘系统处理高氮农村污水氮的去除及其迁移转化规律.高效藻类塘和水生高等植物塘水力停留时间分别为8 d和4 d,进水总氮和氩氮分别为17.13-133.2 mg/L和1.85～108.3 mg/L,两级高效藻类塘对总氮和氨氮的全年平均去除效率分别为29.4%和91.6%,季节处理效率排序为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.高效藻类塘中氨氮的降解和转化途径依次为硝化作用、藻类同化吸收及其他途径、氨氮挥发;硝化作用占氨氮总转化量的50%以上;高效藻类塘内可以发生氨氮沉淀,但可忽略不计.总氮的去除以藻类同化形成颗粒有机氮经分离后得以去除为主,氨氮挥发较少.可采用藻类塘出水回流至化粪池或改进水生高等植物塘构造强化反硝化.提高系统的整体脱氮效果.     

Long-term joint e ect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication a ect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0°C. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the e ect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint e ect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

水生植物化感作用应急处置海洋赤潮和淡水水华

近年来,植物化感作用逐渐成为控制藻类暴发的一种新技术。根据国内外的研究成果,着重从水生植物化感作用、化感抑藻物质、应急处置藻类方法、海洋赤潮和淡水水华的应急处置及机理进行评述,并对该技术今后的发展予以展望。