三峡库区支流澎溪河水华高发期环境因子和浮游藻类的时空特征及其关系

分别在2014年春季和夏季三峡库区水华高发期,在库区北岸最大支流澎溪河流域从其河口处逆流而上至回水末端共布置8个采样点,对浮游藻类和环境因子进行了监测,运用数理统计分析手段,对浮游藻类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析.结果表明在4月中旬,除河口样点外,其他采样点水体出现分层,但断面多只有温跃层和滞温层,而没有混合层;上游水体层次间温差高于下游水体;各采样点的水深以及表层水体(水面向下至0.5 m深的水层)的水温、浊度、p H、电导率、溶解氧、叶绿素a、总氮和总磷的空间分布差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);共检测到浮游藻类25种(属),丰度在(2.76~145.8)×10~4cell·L~(-1)之间,以角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)为主要优势藻,鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)为次优势藻;上游接近支流来水的样点S7(63.4×10~4cell·L~(-1))和S8(145.8×10~4cell·L~(-1))水华最为严重;硝酸盐氮、水温、p H、电导率和溶解氧是藻类生长的决定因子.在7月下旬,水体分层,趋势与春季相似;各采样点深度和0~0.5 m水层的水温、浊度、氧化还原电位、p H、电导率、叶绿素a、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布仍然差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);共检测到浮游藻类46种(属),丰度在(9.56~278.88)×10~4cell·L~(-1)之间,总体以席藻(Phormidium sp.)为主要优势藻,鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)为次优势藻;下游接近澎溪河河口的样点S2(216.44×10~4cell·L~(-1))、S3(278.88×10~4cell·L~(-1))和S4(108.12×10~4cell·L~(-1))水华严重;浊度、水深、总氮、氧化还原电位、电导率和溶解氧是藻类生长的决定因子.水体分层与水华形成有重要关系.     

大宁河春季浮游藻类“水华”及其营养限制

报道了大宁河2004年春季和2005年春季浮游藻类的种类组成、垂直分布、数量、生物量以及C含量的调查结果，并应用多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀性指数对其水质进行了综合评价；对大宁河蓄水后出现的富营养化现象和春季发生“水华”的原因进行了探讨，同时提出了控制水体富营养化的建议。2004年春季，藻类优势种为美丽星杆藻〖WTBX〗（Asterionella formosa）、卵形隐藻（Cryptomonas ovata）、里海小环藻（Cyclotella caspia）和新星形冠盘藻（Stephanodiscus neoastraea）；2005年春季的优势种为实球藻（Pandorina morum）、空球藻（Eudorina elegans）、里海小环藻(Cyclotella caspia)和卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)〖WTBZ〗。2004年和2005年的细胞密度、生物量和C含量分别平均为171.1×105 cells/L，12.2 mg/L，1 732.2 μg C/L和113.1×105 cells/L，10.1 mg/L，1 395.9μg C/L。对2005年春季熊猫洞采样点“水华”水进行生物测试的结果表明，P是藻类生长的限制因子。研究认为，控制大宁河沿岸带生活污水的排放量并减少由于农田地表径流所带来的营养输入是防止该河加重富营养化和发生“水华”的关键。     

三峡水域氮磷污染对水华暴发/消涨行为的协同影响

藻类生长/消退与藻类对氮、磷的吸收比率ω₁和ω₂相关,ω_i正/负增长分别对应藻类生长时从水体中吸收氮磷的加速阶段和藻类分解时向水体释放氮磷的消退阶段,在特定磷氮比(P/N)范围出现ω₁和ω₂同时突变有可能从理论上解释水华的暴发/消退.根据三峡流域实测数据和藻类吸收氮磷的关联函数,在三维空间表征了随氮磷浓度协同作用导致的ω₁和ω₂在特定P/N区域同时突变所揭示出的水华暴发/消退现象,从而直观、合理地解释了:①适当的P/N范围才可能暴发水华;②如果P/N区间同时满足ω₁和ω₂正向急剧增长的要求,藻类疯长,而ω₁和ω₂同时朝负值方向急剧降低,水华消退;③水华暴发/消退的速率为同一数量级,且水华暴发/消退在氮、磷浓度达到某一敏感范围时将表现出明显的周期性振荡.这些性态可能更真实地反映出水华暴发/消退时藻类对营养盐的吸收/释放机理.     

USING HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION (HCMM) DATA TO ASSESS LAKE WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT A water quality investigation on Utah Lake was conducted during the same time period that the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite was collecting thermal infrared and reflectivity data. Relationships were established and evaluated among HCMM data and lake water quality parameters. Although remotely sensed reflective data have been previously utilized, this study was unique in that thermal emitted data were also correlated to algae concentrations and other indicators. Standard statistical evaluations were made along with utilization of color graphics techniques to identify and plot relationships. The emitted thermal energy was found to have high positive correlations with net algal concentrations and with the predominant species, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a blue-green alga. No continuous correlation was found for a less abundant red pigment phytoplankton, Ceratium hirundinella. Similar trends, though for negative correlations, were shown for reflectivity data and algal concentrations throughout the spring and summer. Coincidence of areas of warmer emitted energy and darker relfected energy on colorgraphics displays clearly indicate lake areas of high algal concentrations. Night thermal data displayed a strong negative correlation with algal concentration, opposite to day thermal data. Color graphics of warmer day emitted energy and cooler night emitted energy further verify areas of high algal concentrations.     

Benthic Algal (Periphyton) Growth Rates in Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Parameter Estimation for Water Quality Models

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are significant pollutants that can stimulate nuisance blooms of algae. Water quality models (e.g., Water Quality Simulation Program, CE‐QUAL‐R1, CE‐QUAL‐ICM, QUAL2k) are valuable and widely used management tools for algal accrual due to excess nutrients in the presence of other limiting factors. These models utilize the Monod and Droop equations to associate algal growth rate with dissolved nutrient concentration and intracellular nutrient content. Having accurate parameter values is essential to model performance; however, published values for model parameterization are limited, particularly for benthic (periphyton) algae. We conducted a 10‐day mesocosm experiment and measured diatom‐dominated periphyton biomass accrual through time as chlorophyll a (chl a) and ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) in response to additions of N (range 5–11,995 µg nitrate as nitrogen [NO₃‐N]/L) and P (range 0.89–59.51 µg soluble reactive phosphorus/L). Resulting half‐saturation coefficients and growth rates are similar to other published values, but minimum nutrient quotas are higher than those previously reported. Saturation concentration for N ranged from 150 to 2,450 µg NO₃‐N/L based on chl a and from 8.5 to 60 µg NO₃‐N/L when based on AFDM. Similarly, the saturation concentration for P ranged from 12 to 29 µg‐P/L based on chl a, and from 2.5 to 6.1 µg‐P/L based on AFDM. These saturation concentrations provide an upper limit for streams where diatom growth can be expected to respond to nutrient levels and a benchmark for reducing nutrient concentrations to a point where benthic algal growth will be limited.     

Algal-bloom control by allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes——A review

Algal-bloom control is an important issue for water environment protection as it induces several negative impacts on the lives of aquatic organisms, aquaculture, landscaping, and human health. The development of an environment-friendly, cost-effective, and convenient alternative for controlling algal bloom has gained much concern. Using the allelopathy of aquatic macrophytes as a novel and safe method for algal-bloom control is a promising alternative. This paper reviews the development and potential application about allelopathy of aquatic plants on algae, including the allelopathic research history, the potential research problems, the research methodology, and the reported aquatic macrophytes and their inhibitory allelochemicals. Potential modes of inhibition action of allelochemicals on algae, possible ways for application, and future development directions of research on algal-bloom control by aquatic macrophytes were also presented.     

Removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm technique

Algal biofilmtechnology is a new and advanced wastewater treatment method. Experimental study on removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm under the continuous light of 3500 Lux in the batch and continuous systems was carried out in this paper to assess the performance of algal biofilm in removing nutrients. The results showed that the effect of removing nitrogen and phosphorus by algal biofilm was remarkable in the batch system. The removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 98.17%, 86.58%, 91.88%, and 97.11%, respectively. In the continuous system, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 days was adopted; the effects of removing TP, TN, NH₃-N, and COD by algal biofilm were very stable. During a run of 24 days, the removal efficiencies of TP, TN, NH₃-N, and COD reached 95.38%, 83.93%, 82.38%, and 92.31%, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm.     

固定化藻膜去除水中氮磷的模拟研究

针对富营养化水体生物修复和污水深度处理氮磷的去除,将细颤藻、水绵、水网藻、栅裂藻固定在纤维填料上,形成固定化藻膜。用固定化藻膜处理模拟富营养化湖水、实际富营养化湖水、城市污水二级出水、低质量浓度生活污水,考察固定化藻膜去除氮磷的效果。实验结果表明,固定化藻膜具有良好的去除磷、氨氮能力,对水中有机物去除也有一定的促进作用。对TP质量浓度小于5.0mg·L-1,NH4 -N质量浓度小于34.0mg·L-1的污染水体,四种藻膜都有良好的去除氮磷能力,其中栅裂藻去除TP、NH4 -N的能力最强。综合除污能力和藻细胞的可固定性,水绵应是最佳的备选藻种。研究结果显示,固定化藻膜具有良好的除污性能,预示了悬浮载体将在水体生物修复、氧化塘污水处理方面具有重要的潜在应用价值。     

高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点,其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律,并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素,最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望.