防污漆中活性物质海洋环境风险评估关键技术探讨

防污漆中的活性物质对海洋生态环境和人类健康造成的潜在风险受到日益广泛的关注,一些发达国家已建立了针对活性物质海洋环境风险评估的技术体系,但我国相关研究目前尚属空白。综述了防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估的研究背景、相关法规、技术标准和发展现状,针对环境风险评估的2个重要组成部分(危害性评估和暴露评估)中的关键技术进行了探讨。在危害性评估中,重点分析和比较了受试生物物种的选择原则、生态毒理数据的要求以及预测无效应浓度的推导方法和应用范围;在暴露评估中,系统阐述了活性物质在水环境中释放速率的计算及修正方法、环境浓度的预测模型、现有的暴露场景及其局限性等。本文以期为我国开展防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估提供研究基础和科学依据,并提出了今后的研究重点和方向。     

石化工业园区有毒废水来源识别研究

针对石化废水对综合污水处理厂的毒性冲击问题,采用耗氧速率抑制试验评价不同石化废水对活性污泥的毒性,评价对象包括石化工业园区内不同生产装置和装置内不同生产节点的废水.试验发现废水的有机质含量与毒性效应之间没有直接的相关性,并不能单从废水的有机质含量预测其毒性.同时,研究中针对活性污泥敏感性在不同批次试验之间的差异问题,将各废水对活性污泥的毒性数据转化为标准毒性物质3,5-二氯苯酚的浓度,提高了数据之间的可比性.在此基础上,根据废水流量和对应3,5-二氯苯酚浓度,计算废水对应标准毒性物质质量排放负荷,作为评价废水毒性排放贡献的指标.对不同装置和节点石化废水的毒性贡献进行排序,有效识别了该石化工业园区内有毒废水的产生来源,为从生产源头控制废水毒性提供有效指导.     

OSA剩余污泥超声波处理试验研究

分别采用不同超声功率、超声时间及脉冲比的超声波处理OSA工艺产生的剩余污泥,研究超声作用对细胞内容物的释放、酶活和污泥粒径的影响。研究结果表明,声能密度越大、超声处理时间越长,污泥被破坏程度越大,释放出的有机物浓度也就越高;较低的声能密度在短时间内可以促进微生物脱氢酶活性。从总体上看超声作用会降低微生物的脱氢酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性;超声处理在较短时间内即可实现对污泥絮状结构的解体,此后污泥颗粒的粒径分布保持相对稳定状态。     

溶解氧对HLB-MR反应器内有机物的生物絮凝影响

为了研究溶解氧（DO）对高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器（HLB-MR）内有机物生物絮凝规律的影响,采用平行对比实验,考察了不同DO条件下反应器内有机物的生物絮凝效果、胞外聚合物（EPS）含量、金属阳离子浓度和微生物群落结构.结果表明：DO浓度分别为1~2mg/L和6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器的絮凝效率分别为83%和89%,两反应器内上清液的浊度差别也进一步证实,较高的DO浓度下,反应器的生物絮凝效果更好.DO浓度在6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器内结合态EPS和自由态EPS的含量分别为15.64mg/（g·VSS）和8.71mg/L,两者均显著高于DO为1~2mg/L时的11.83mg/（g·VSS）和6.56mg/L,反应器浓缩液中镁和铝的浓度也均明显高于低DO浓度时所对应的值,这说明在高DO条件下,有更多的EPS与金属阳离子结合而固定在污泥基质中,促进了生物絮凝.高通量测序表明,DO浓度分别为1~2mg/L和6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器内细菌的群落结构差异明显,高DO浓度反应器底泥中Actinobacteria和Saccharibacteria的相对丰度较高,可能对生物絮凝有促进作用.     

Time-series analysis of global zinc demand associated with steel

This study aimed to analyze the global-scale substance flow of zinc associated with steel in order to discuss the sustainable use of zinc resources in the future. The relationship between the demand for steel and zinc was characterized in terms of zinc intensity for galvanized steel and the percentage of galvanized steel that accounts for the total steel demand. Zinc consumption for steel was divided into end uses according to the statistics on steel. Zinc demand in the future was forecasted with three scenarios for zinc intensity. Future steel demand was estimated using the stocks-drive-flows model, in which the demand is determined by the change in stock. The growth of in-use stock of galvanized steel in the future was estimated by considering economic growth on the basis of the transition of in-use stock of galvanized steel in the past. The cumulative zinc demand for galvanized steel up to the year 2050 was compared with the zinc reserves. It was found that the global average recovery rate of zinc was estimated at approximately 20% by the dynamic substance flow analysis for zinc. It is hoped that the recovery rate will increase. Even if zinc intensity is continuously reduced according to an experience curve based on technological development, a large portion of the current reserves will be consumed for galvanized steel. It was concluded that technological development in reducing zinc intensity will play a significant role in zinc resource conservation.     

巢湖流域农田生态系统磷代谢分析

采用物质流分析方法,建立巢湖流域农业种植系统的静态磷代谢分析模型,结合统计数据和文献参数,估算了2008年巢湖流域农田生态系统排水含磷来源分配以及流域各县(市)农田生态系统排水的磷含量.结果表明,巢湖流域整个农田生态系统的排向水体的含磷总量为14125.1158t,其中化肥和还田畜禽粪便是巢湖流域农田生态系统磷输入的主要来源,其排入水体的含磷总量分别为37172.0944t和26230.2336t;而肥西县与合肥市辖区是农田种植对水环境影响最大的区域,其农田生态系统排水含磷总量分别为4077.6575t和2849.133t.     

Early postnatal ozone exposure alters rat nodose and jugular sensory neuron development

Sensory neurons originating in nodose and jugular ganglia that innervate airway epithelium (airway neurons) play a role in inflammation observed following exposure to inhaled environmental irritants such as ozone (O₃). Airway neurons can mediate airway inflammation through the release of the neuropeptide substance P (SP). While susceptibility to airway irritants is increased in early life, the developmental dynamics of afferent airway neurons are not well characterized. The hypothesis of this study was that airway neuron number might increase with increasing age, and that an acute, early postnatal O₃ exposure might increase both the number of sensory airway neurons as well as the number SP-containing airway neurons. Studies using Fischer 344 rat pups were conducted to determine if age or acute O₃ exposure might alter airway neuron number. Airway neurons in nodose and jugular ganglia were retrogradely labeled, removed, dissociated, and counted by means of a novel technique employing flow cytometry. In Study 1, neuron counts were conducted on postnatal days (PD) 6, 10, 15, 21, and 28. Numbers of total and airway neurons increased significantly between PD6 and PD10, then generally stabilized. In Study 2, animals were exposed to O₃ (2?ppm) or filtered air (FA) on PD5 and neurons were counted on PD10, 15, 21, and 28. O₃-exposed animals displayed significantly less total neurons on PD21 than FA controls. This study shows that age-related changes in neuron number occur, and that an acute, early postnatal O₃ exposure significantly alters sensory neuron development.     

雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强（0~100mm/h）和坡度（0°~10°）条件下,北方砂壤土裸地降雨径流中颗粒物（SS）、总磷（TP）、颗粒态磷（PP）的流失量及径流污染物之间的相关关系,并分析了雨强和坡度对污染物流失量的影响.研究结果表明,雨强和坡度越大,SS和TP流失量越大;径流中SS与TP、TP与PP的单位面积流失量呈显著线性相关关系（R²>0.946）;在实验条件范围内,雨强对颗粒物及磷素流失量的影响比坡度更显著;径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,相关系数大于0.911,由于0°裸地和有坡度裸地的下渗及产流情况差异较大,在模拟雨强和坡度对颗粒物及磷素流失量影响时需分别考虑.结果可为我国北方砂壤土裸地径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量的估算提供计算方法和科学依据.     

次氯酸钠与亚铁对污泥破解及脱水效果的影响

采用次氯酸钠（NaClO）与亚铁（Fe（II））结合处理污泥以提高污泥破解和脱水效能,考察了NaClO和Fe（II）投加量的影响,并通过定量和定性分析污泥中胞外聚合物质（EPS）的迁移转化,确定NaClO和Fe（II）对污泥脱水和破解的机制.试验结果表明,NaClO和Fe（II）投加量（以干泥固体计）分别为44 mg·g^-1和66 mg·g^-1时,污泥毛细吸吮时间（CST）从原泥的112 s下降到66.3 s.同时,NaClO/Fe（II）处理污泥能够使上清液中化学需氧量（COD）显著升高,并使污泥中紧密束缚型EPS（TB-EPS）和松散束缚型EPS（LB-EPS）转化成溶解性EPS（S-EPS）,导致S-EPS的溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量升高,而LB-EPS和TB-EPS的DOC含量降低.此外,NaClO/Fe（II）还能使污泥中有机物质矿化,使3种EPS中蛋白质类和腐殖酸类物质减少.NaClO和Fe（II）能够改善污泥脱水性能,强化污泥破解效果,利于污泥后续的处理处置.     

水中有机污染物对锅炉安全运行的影响

水中有机污染物穿透离子交换器进入锅炉给水系统,在高温高压下分解产生有机酸,导致炉水pH值下降,威胁锅炉运行的安全.离子交换树脂的碎片穿透树脂捕捉器,以及离子交换树脂的溶出物进入锅炉给水主系统,也会产生同样的危险结果.应当尽快制订限定锅炉给水、炉水有机物含量的标准,尤其在城市污水再生回用于锅炉给水实施之前完成该标准化的工作.