城市问题的生态学实质

在阐述城市问题产生的历史背景、根源的基础上，指出城市问题的实质是人与自然关系的失调，具体表现为“流”或过程的失调；“网”或结构的失调；“序”或功能的失调．     

Halogenated compounds and climate change: future emission levels and reduction costs

OBJECTIVES: This work assesses the contribution to climate change resulting from emissions of the group of halogenated greenhouse gases. METHODS: A bottom-up emission model covering 22 technological sectors in four major regions is described. Emission estimates for 1996 and projection for 2010 and 2020 are presented. The costs for deep cuts into projected emission levels are calculated. RESULTS: The substances covered by this study have contributed emissions of 1100 +/- 800 MT CO2 equivalents per year in 1996. In terms of their relative contribution to emissions of CO2 equivalents, this corresponds to 3 +/- 2% of global emissions of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The wide range of uncertainty is due to the poorly quantified net global warming potential of the ozone depleting substances, which have an indirect cooling effect on climate through the destruction of stratospheric ozone. For annual emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (which are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol and for which global warming potentials are well defined), the relative contribution is projected to increase to 2% (600 MT CO2 eq.) of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2010. This trend is expected to continue, emissions are projected to grow to a contribution of roughly 3% (870 MT CO2 eq.) in 2020 compared to 0.9% (300 MT CO2 eq.) in 1996. For HFCs, PFCs and SF6, this study identifies global emission reduction potentials of 260 MT CO2 eq. per year in 2010 and 640 MT CO2 eq. per year in 2020 at below US$ 50 per ton. These values correspond to roughly 40% and 75% of projected emissions in 2010 and 2020, respectively.     

Human exposure to dioxins and furans: application of the substance flow analysis to health risk assessment

Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) is an important instrument that allows for the undertaking of environmental management for a specific contaminant. 'Control Analysis' is a tool that assesses the effect on a target flow of changes in flows forming part of a control basis set. The purpose of the present study was to perform a modeling of the annual PCDD/F flows in Tarragona Province and to apply the model for human health risk assessment. The validation of the model has been evaluated by comparing estimated fluxes with experimental values. Eleven subsystems, as well as a set of 88 flows of the system in Tarragona Province were considered. The total PCDD/F accumulation in Tarragona Province was between 62.6 and 159.5 g I-TEQ/y. Accumulation in sediments (27.9-74.6 g I-TEQ/y) and soils (35.0-80.8 g I-TEQ/y) are the two principal modes of deposition. Estimated flow in human adipose tissue means a mean intake of PCDD/F (via ingestion and inhalation) of 243 pg I-TEQ/person/day. The food chain pathway accounts for 99% of the total daily intake. As a result of the simulation, a 100% decrease in industrial emissions would cause a 1.7% reduction in the PCDD/F accumulation in humans. In turn, a 100% reduction of PCDD/Fs in the industrial waste waters would cause only an insignificant 0.1% decrease in the accumulation of PCDD/Fs in humans.     

溶剂气浮分离法的基础研究

本文研究了待分离物呈表面活性物系（甲基橙－十六烷基氯化吡啶、十六烷基氯化吡啶）和呈疏水性物系（铜－二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠、镍－丁二酮肟）的溶液气浮变化规律。红外光谱分析表明，分离效率的高低与有机相和气浮分离物相互作用的强弱不相关。通过高速摄影及计算证明，水相和有机相两相界面间的稳定的气泡层存在，它一方面使待分离物质在水相中的停留时间在大增加，另一方面又保护了已捕集的待分离物质，从而增加了气泡吸附总     

苏州河底泥的耗氧量

对苏州河底泥耗氧量(SOD)的实验测定结果表明,苏州河底泥(北新泾下游)的夏季耗氧强度是冬季的6倍,最大强度发生在武宁路河段,达7500mg/m2     

国外城市垃圾焚烧排放物标准比较

本文综述了国外几个发达国家及公司在城市垃圾焚烧技术中污染物排放的一些标准，可以为国内在设计城市垃圾处理厂及垃圾焚烧炉时提供有益的借鉴。     

不同碳氮比对海水养殖废水脱氮效果的影响

工厂化海水养殖废水C/N（碳氮比）较低,有效碳源不足,生物脱氮工艺往往由于缺乏碳源而受到抑制.为揭示脱氮工艺中不同过程对碳源匮乏的敏感程度,应用A/O-MBBR（缺氧/好氧-移动床生物膜反应器）处理模拟海水养殖废水,探讨进水C/N降低（从12降至1）对反应器运行效果的影响,并根据EPS（胞外聚合物）、AMO（氨单加氧酶）、NOR（亚硝酸盐氧化酶）、NIR（亚硝酸盐还原酶）、NR（硝酸盐还原酶）的活性,分析碳源不足对不同脱氮过程的抑制状况.结果表明:①C/N降低时,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、NO₂--N的去除率均未下降,自养型的氨氧化、亚硝化过程不受影响,AMO和NOR活性提高.②缺氧区pH降低,ρ（DO）升高,NO₃--N的去除率显著降低,C/N为5时开始积累,NR活性明显下降.③异养反硝化反应电子供体出现由外碳源向内碳源和EPS的转换,缺氧区EPS含量逐渐减少,C/N为1时比C/N为6时减少了47%.研究显示,碳源不足是造成海水养殖废水生物反硝化不彻底的主要原因,为了实现高效脱氮,需要在海水养殖废水处理过程中严格控制ρ（DO）并且提供足够的碳源.      

生物滴滤塔对疏水性VOCs气体的去除及其生物膜特性研究

利用正己烷降解菌Pseudomonas mendocina NX-1和二氯甲烷（DCM）降解菌Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13强化生物滴滤塔（BTF）同时净化不同疏水性的正己烷和DCM混合废气,研究了挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段BTF对污染物的去除性能与限制因素及生物膜相的特性变化.结果表明,在正己烷和DCM浓度均为100 mg·m^-3,停留时间（EBRT）为60 s的条件下,运行25 d即可完成BTF的启动,正己烷和DCM的去除率分别可达到65%和100%.系统稳定运行时,正己烷和DCM的最大去除负荷分别为16.1 g·m^-3·h^-1和92.0 g·m^-3·h^-1.正己烷和DCM的去除过程分别受到传质限制与反应限制影响.BTF稳定运行后,塔内生物膜胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质（PN）含量逐渐增加至启动时的2.7倍,蛋白质与多糖的比值（PN/PS）从0.28增加至0.96.生物膜表面相对疏水性从21%增加至66%,Zeta电位从-12.7 mV降低至-9.2 mV.压降的模拟结果与实验数据良好拟合（R²>0.96）.     

高效铜绿微囊藻溶藻菌WJ6的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,从富营养化水体分离了一株高效溶藻菌,通过分析形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定了该溶藻菌株,分析了该菌株对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻方式、溶藻特性及其不同培养时期、不同浓度菌液及不同环境因子对溶藻效果的影响,并探讨了其可能的溶藻机制.研究表明：WJ6属于沙雷氏菌属（Serratia sp.GenBank登录号为KY462187）;溶藻菌WJ6以胞外释放溶藻物质为主直接溶藻为辅的溶藻方式;溶藻菌WJ6处于对数期时的溶藻率最高达87.50%;菌液浓度达1.4×10⁹CFU/mL以上,溶藻率最高为95.69%;在30℃、pH8条件下,溶藻率达90.00%;改良的基本培养基培养的溶藻菌溶藻率最高达98.50%;铵离子浓度大于2mol/L时,溶藻菌的溶藻率98.33%;当盐度为0.5%时,溶藻率较高为92.77%.溶藻菌株WJ6是1株高效溶铜绿微囊藻菌,在富营养化治理方面具有较好的应用前景.     

Fenton预处理强化污泥脱水:胞外聚合物和黏度的特性研究

Fenton试剂具有高效破坏污泥絮体及改善污泥生物可降解性的能力,而被视为强化污泥脱水的有效手段。对Fenton预处理强化污泥脱水过程中污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和黏度对污泥脱水性能的影响进行了研究,污泥脱水性能采用毛细吸水时间(CST)评价。结果表明:Fenton预处理时,H_2O_2添加量和m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))对污泥的脱水性能有重要影响,优化的污泥脱水条件为m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))=1∶1,H_2O_2添加量200 mg/g(VSS);m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))和H_2O_2添加量对污泥中EPS分布影响显著,EPS分量分布具有明显差异,可能原因为Fenton试剂对污泥絮体结构的破坏程度不同;污泥CST与EPS分量之间基本不符合线性相关,而非线性回归随H_2O_2添加量变化相关性排序为:100>150>200>25(单位为mg/g,以单位质量VSS计);污泥黏度总体上随m(H_2O_2)∶m(Fe~(2+))的增大而增加,而随H_2O_2添加量的增加逐渐下降,污泥CST值与黏度总体上呈显著正相关。