中国保护臭氧层的建议方案

臭氧层破坏是当前面临的全球性环境问题,为了履行自己的国际义务,认真分析本国消耗臭氧层物(ODS)的生产、消费现状,科学评估其发展趋势,提出削减消耗臭氧层物质的措施。     

不同底物驯化氧化亚铁硫杆菌的差异及对煤炭生物脱硫效率的影响

分别以FeS2和FeSO4为底物培养驯化嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)LX5,结果发现以FeS2为底物驯化A.ferrooxidans LX5,在培养20 d时,培养液中LX5的菌体数量达3.0×107个/mL,对FeS2中亚铁及还原性硫的氧化能力均较强.A.fer...     

胞外多聚物对酶催化污泥厌氧水解的影响研究

研究了胞外多聚物对酶催化污泥溶解效果和催化过程中污泥化学组分变化的影响.向原污泥及去除胞外多聚物的剩余污泥外加酶,并与未加酶组水解效果进行对比.结果表明,酶浓度〈20 mg/g时仅水解污泥胞外物质,加大酶量能显著引起污泥破解.溶菌酶用于原污泥水解效果较好,SCOD/TCOD最高可达28.14%,投加量60 mg/g,反...     

实施清洁生产控制新诺明产品对氨基苯磺酰氯岗位氨基物的排放量

对新诺明对乙酰氨基苯磺酰氯岗位排放的有机废水用结析沉降法回收对氨基苯磺酸和硫酸 ,实行了在生产过程中控制减少污染物的排放。降低未端处理污染负荷使污水达标排放。     

Effects of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on pyrene and benzo[α]pyrene: bioavailability and degradation in sotil

Effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) on the bioavailability and biodegradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pyrene (PYR) and benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) in spiked soils was investigated in 14-week incubation experiments. To evaluate the effect of HPCD in soils with a different matrix, humic substance (HS) was added into soil samples. A 6-h Tenax TA extraction method was used to evaluate pollutants bioavailability. The biodegraded and extracted fractions were compared to evaluate the impact of HPCD on PAHs biodegradation. Results indicated positive effects of HPCD on fast desorption behaviours of PAHs. The biodegraded fraction was consistent with that of the extracted for PYR. However, in terms of BaP, the results were contrary which suggests that biological factors may be limiting factors for BaP pollution remediation. HS weakened the HPCD solubilisation effect while accelerated the decay of PYR and BaP, also implying that bioavailability was not the sole factor limiting PAH biodegradation. In addition, analysis of microbial communities demonstrated that HPCD inhibited the growth of some soil bacteria while HS promoted the evolution of some soil microorganisms. A limited population of hydrocarbon degrader populations led to observing incomplete PAH biodegradation even in the presence of HPCD.     

一株海洋细菌对中肋骨条藻的溶解效应及其溶藻特性

从山东胶州湾分离得到1株海洋溶藻菌,暂将其命名为JZ-1.根据生理生化及16S rDNA 序列分析鉴定,菌株JZ-1属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas).研究表明,菌株JZ-1对中肋骨条藻具有很好的溶解效果,它能够破坏藻细胞膜内物质的结构和细胞膜的完整性,使细胞膜内物质流出导致藻细胞死亡.溶藻现象发生在细菌培养液的上清液和0.2μm的过滤液中,而不是在细菌菌体中,这表明菌株JZ-1通过分泌代谢物对中肋骨条藻产生溶解作用,且当菌株JZ-1由对数生长期向稳定期过渡时,其代谢物的溶藻率达到最大.代谢物分子量<5kD,具有热稳定性、耐酸性,但不耐碱.     

Home composting as an alternative treatment option for organic household waste in Denmark: An environmental assessment using life cycle assessment-modelling

An environmental assessment of the management of organic household waste (OHW) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the waste-life cycle assessment (LCA) model EASEWASTE. The focus was on home composting of OHW in Denmark and six different home composting units (with different input and different mixing frequencies) were modelled. In addition, incineration and landfilling was modelled as alternatives to home composting. The most important processes contributing to the environmental impact of home composting were identified as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (load) and the avoided emissions in relation to the substitution of fertiliser and peat when compost was used in hobby gardening (saving). The replacement of fertiliser and peat was also identified as one of the most sensible parameters, which could potentially have a significant environmental benefit. Many of the impact categories (especially human toxicity via water (HTw) and soil (HTs)) were affected by the heavy metal contents of the incoming OHW. The concentrations of heavy metals in the compost were below the threshold values for compost used on land and were thus not considered to constitute a problem. The GHG emissions were, on the other hand, dependent on the management of the composting units. The frequently mixed composting units had the highest GHG emissions. The environmental profiles of the home composting scenarios were in the order of −2 to 16 milli person equivalents (mPE) Mg⁻¹ wet waste (ww) for the non-toxic categories and −0.9 to 28 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. Home composting performed better than or as good as incineration and landfilling in several of the potential impact categories. One exception was the global warming (GW) category, in which incineration performed better due to the substitution of heat and electricity based on fossil fuels.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix combined with regional integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis was used to investigate the composition and transformation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from landfill. The EEMs of HAs at different landfill ages were characterized by two typical fluorescence chromophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 420-470 nm/Em = 490-530 nm and Ex = 345-375 nm/Em = 450-465 nm. EEMs of FA were featured by other two distinctly different fluorophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 315-335 nm/Em = 420-440 nm and Ex = 255-275 nm/Em = 425-455 nm. The results show that HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1989 was formed by connecting small-condensed aromatic structures with protein-like chains. Compared with HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1992, HA extracted from the refuse of 1996 had a higher fluorescence intensity and lower r_(B,A) (the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of peak B and peak A) value. It contained low molar mass components, low aromatic condensation degree, and more easily oxidized substituents. This indicates that the landfill time strongly affects the EEMs characteristics of HA, and that the humification degree of HA increases with the landfill time. A red shift to a longer wavelength region and an increase of fluorescence intensity were observed when the concentration of HA was increased, suggesting that concentration had a great influence on the fluorescence characteristics of HAs. pH (2-12) also had significant effects on the fluorescence intensity, although it exerted no effect on the peak position of fluorescence of HA and FA. The results of FRI show that increasing concentration lead to more interactions among various structure components and that small molecular weight units tend to aggregate or be masked into more complicated and larger structures. The pH influence on the fluorescence intensity of HA seems mainly through molecular configuration, while the fluorescence intensity change with pH may be due to various substituents of FA.     

阳离子交换树脂法提取一株除铬(Ⅵ)优势菌(Bacillus sp.)的胞外聚合物

采用阳离子交换树脂法对一株除铬优势菌(Bacillussp.)的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行提取,综合考察树脂量、振摇频率、提取时间三个主要因素对EPS提取效率的影响,确定阳离子交换树脂法提取优势菌Bacillussp.的最佳EPS提取条件.试验结果表明:当菌悬液OD为0.833,树脂量20g,振摇频率120r.min-1,提取时间8h时,EPS的提取效果最佳,提取量高达132.15μg.ml-1菌悬液,而DNA提取量仅1.48μg.ml-1菌悬液.     

外源铁、磷对堆肥腐熟的影响及“腐殖酸-Fe-P”复合体的形成初探

针对堆肥过程中氮素损失严重,产品品质低下的问题,试验以FeCl3和Ca3（PO4）2（干质量比1∶1）混合物分别按10%（处理A）和15%（处理B）的比例添加到堆肥原料中,以未加任何外源物质的处理作为对照,进行添加外源铁、磷是否会促进堆肥腐熟、提高产品品质的研究。结果表明,与对照处理相比,外源铁、磷对堆肥油菜籽（Brassica napus）发芽率指数影响不大,但产品的氮素含量明显提高,分别高于对照1.42%和1.17%;外源铁、磷加速有机质的分解,有机质分解率分别高于对照处理13%和3.3%;外源铁、磷对堆肥产品腐殖酸结合的Fe含量分别为对照处理的4.4倍和1.98倍,铁结合的磷含量分别为9.12、5.91g·kg-1,对照处理仅为2.21g·kg-1,并通过相关文献讨论,提出堆肥体中可能形成了＂腐殖酸-Fe-P＂三元复合体的假设。从作用和成本上来看,处理A的添加比例较处理B合适。