厦门周边水库浮游植物碱性磷酸酶活性研究

从2010年6月初至12月末,对厦门周边九龙江江东水库、厦门大学芙蓉湖和情人湖三个淡水湖库进行两周一次的连续采样,开展水体总碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)的研究。从营养盐和叶绿素a水平看,三个湖库属不同的富营养化程度:芙蓉湖>情人湖>江东水库。群落水平的总碱性磷酸酶活性和溶解性磷酸盐(SRP)浓度的结果表明,三处水体均呈现群落水平上的磷胁迫状态;不同水体的浮游植物群落结构存在显著差异,同时不同浮游植物的磷胁迫亦不同,蓝藻是芙蓉湖的绝对优势类群且标记率较低,绿藻是情人湖和江东水库的优势类群,且标记率较高。群落组成在一定程度上可以反映浮游植物群落的磷胁迫状态。     

Distinguishing hygroma and amniotic fluid

Fluid from cystic hygromata can be distinguished from amniotic fluid by measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes. The former has a serum-type ALP, made up largely of the liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme and virtually no intestinal isoenzyme. Second trimester amniotic fluid ALP contains approximately 80 per cent intestinal isoenzyme.     

碱处理促进剩余污泥解的试验研究

研究了热碱水解法对剩余污泥特性参数(溶解性化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸、氨氮、pH值与污泥浓度等)的影响.碱的加入减弱了污泥细胞壁对高温的抵抗力,加剧了剩余污泥细胞内有机质的释放与水解,改变了污泥的性质.在反应温度为170℃、pH 13、反应时间为75 min的条件下,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)达到了最大融出量17956 mg/L,此时SCOD与总化学需氧量(TCOD)之比为0.65.在pH 13,反应时间为60 min时悬浮固体(SS)、挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)均达到了最大溶解率,其值分别为67%和72%.经热碱水解处理后的剩余污泥SCOD随着原污泥浓度的增大而增大,呈现了良好的线性关系,相关系数R2达到了0.97以上,而且随着pH值的增大,融出率也不断增大,在pH 13时达到最高值672 mg/g.另外,通过正交试验可以得出170℃时各因素对SCOD影响的重要性,依次为污泥浓度、DH值、反应时间.     

不同预处理方法对剩余污泥性质的影响研究

研究了3种污泥预处理方法(酸、碱和热处理)对污泥性质的影响.结果表明,3种处理方法对污泥均有一定破碎作用,其中碱处理的破碎效果最好,污泥的破碎率最大(约达58.46%),释放的SCOD最高(2 934.9 mg/L).处理后污泥的溶解性有机物的主要成分为蛋白质、碳水化合物和挥发性脂肪酸(三者之和约占总量的80%～90%),碱处理污泥的溶解性蛋白质增加最多(2 058.6 mg/L),而溶解性碳水化合物则是热处理污泥的增加值最大(353.2 mg/L).3种污泥预处理方法均会降低污泥的SS和VSS,其中碱处理效果最好,两者的减少量分别达到25.32%和38.84%,而酸处理效果最差,仅9.05%和1.80%.粒径分析表明,酸、碱处理会减小污泥的粒径、增加污泥的比表面积和提高污泥粒径的均匀性.本研究还对3种预处理方法对污泥的融胞机理进行了分析.     

First-trimester diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. Importance of gestational age and of purity of CV samples

Prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia was made by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay on a chorionic villous sample taken in the first trimester. Very low activities of the LBK isoenzyrnes indicated an affected fetus. Diagnosis was confirmed at 12 weeks of gestation by measurement of LBK isoenzyme activities in fetal bone tissue. In control chorionic villous samples an inverse relation was observed between LBK and placental ALP percentage during gestational age. High LBK ALP activities are observed in decidual tissue. Chorionic villous tissue must not be sampled after 12 weeks of gestation and decidual tissue must be excluded from the sample.     

Amniotic fluid microvillar enzyme activities in the early detection of fetal abnormalities

Measurement of the microvillar enzymes, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), aminopeptidase M (APM) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in amniotic fluid supernatant has been proposed as a method for the early prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The activities of these enzymes in a series of other fetal abnormalities have now been examined. GGTP activities were below the 5th percentile in 28 out of 54 cases of trisomy 21 and 9 of 14 cases of trisomy 18, while APM values were below this cut-off in 26 of 54 cases of trisomy 21 and 8 of 14 cases of trisomy 18. Abnormal ALP isoenzyme ratios were found in 6 of 54 cases of trisomy 21 and 4 of 14 cases of trisomy 18. If prenatal cytogenetic studies are routinely carried out on amniotic fluid cells, the occasional confounding effect of abnormal microvillar enzymes associated with fetal trisomies rather than with cystic fibrosis should be avoided.     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis using a monoclonal antibody specific for intestinal alkaline phosphatase

A monoclonal antibody (AAP-1), specific for the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), has been used to develop an immunoassay for amniotic fluid samples. Values in the immunoassay correlated closely with those obtained by direct determination of phenylalanine-inhibitable ALP. A panel of 124 control second-trimester amniotic fluids and 21 fluids with a 1 in 4 risk of a cystic fibrosis fetus were examined in the immunoassay. Eight of 10 affected cases had values below an arbitrary cut-off of one third median, while all the non-affected cases were above this level. Almost identical results were obtained by enzymatic determination of phenylalanine-inhibitable ALP. However, in both systems the false positive rate (control fluids with values below one third median), was unacceptably high. It is pointed out that at present the most effective system for the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is achieved by measuring the ratio of intestinal to total ALP in amniotic fluid supernatants. This is probably best effected by enzymatic assay in the presence of phenylalanine and homoarginine inhibition.     

酸碱溶液改性竹基活性炭生物降解H2S

对竹基活性炭采用酸、碱溶液浸渍的方法改性,并用化学和表面形态分析等表征方法测试了其改性前后的特性,研究了不同溶液对改性竹基活性炭在微生物挂膜和滴滤塔去除H2S方面的影响。研究结果表明,用10％NaOH溶液改性后的竹基活性炭较未改性的竹基活性炭碱性基团含量增加了0．614mmol／L,平衡含水率增加了6．08％,碘吸附值增加了29．6mL／g,这些物化性能的改变更有利于生物竹基活性炭去除H2S。对比5种改性方法对生物降解H2S性能的影响,在H2S人口浓度为150～4500mg／m^3、循环液喷淋量0．2L／h、pH6．5—7．5、气体停留时间66s的条件下,经NaOH溶液改性后的竹基活性炭,对H2S的去除率达93．4％以上,效果好于其他改性方法的竹基活性炭。     

微囊藻毒素-LR污染饮水的健康风险及其机制

水体富营养化导致藻类繁殖和水华暴发从而使得藻类释放大量藻毒素,已经演变成为严重的公共卫生问题之一。微囊藻毒素通过饮水严重危害动物和人类的健康安全,最主要的靶器官是肝脏,从而造成肝细胞功能缺陷,比如黄疸和磷酸化活性改变。这些毒性效应主要表现为对磷酸酶的抑制和蛋白磷酸酶活性的调节。综上,微囊藻毒素会造成组织结构损伤、凋亡,即使在低浓度下,也会影响细胞周期,导致肿瘤发生。     

城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸工程示范研究

鉴于污泥厌氧发酵产酸技术的生产规模性研究较少,为深入了解城镇剩余污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）工程的长期运行特征,基于0.3 t/d规模的生产线平台进行了为期240 d的稳定运行研究,考察了长期运行条件下的污泥预处理效果、产酸水平、VFAs回收和经济可行性.结果表明:污泥经热-混碱预处理后溶解性有机物浓度〔ρ（SCOD）,以溶解性COD计〕比原污泥提高了29倍,水解率达到56%.当ρ（TSS）（TSS为总悬浮固体）分别为30和70 g/L时,污泥预处理水解率分别为56%和59%;厌氧发酵产酸率〔以每g污泥有机物生产多少mg VFAs计,R_VFAs〕分别为277和256 mg/g;ρ（TVFAs）（TVFAs为总挥发性脂肪酸）最高可达9.1 g/L,其中乙酸占61.6%.采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）联合调理能够有效提高发酵污泥的脱水性能,与对照组相比,泥饼的含水率由84.8%降至64.0%,发酵液的回收率由33.7%升至75.7%.经济效益分析表明,设置处理规模为100 t/d时,运行成本为346.6元/t,收益为451.4元/t.研究显示,城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸生产线运行稳定,能够实现较好的有机物生物转化与资源化效果,经济可行,具有显著的应用前景.