煤添加高岭土燃烧控制有害微量元素的排放

通过在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行无烟煤添加高岭土吸附剂的燃烧实验,研究了无烟煤及其燃烧产物中18种环境有害微量元素的含量和分布;计算了高岭土在不同燃烧工况条件下对每种环境有害微量元素的吸附率.结果表明,高岭土对环境有害微量元素Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn, Ba, Co, Be, Cr, Ni, Mo, Tl, V, U, Mn, Th具有不同的吸附作用,吸附率为11.6%～500%;吸附效率与元素种类、燃烧工况等因素有关,环境有害微量元素Cd, Pb, Zn, Sb, Ba, Co, Be, Cr, Ni, Mo, Tl, V, U, Mn, Th的吸附能力,分级燃烧比不分级燃烧吸附效果更好,总吸附率差为8.4%～481%.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融固化处理过程特性分析

为研究熔融固化过程中飞灰主要成分的迁移转化规律,在有温控的高温实验熔融炉中对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行了动态熔融固化实验研究,对处理后的飞灰进行了XRF、XRD分析检测,分析了飞灰熔融过程中熔融渣的主要成分、物相组成、碱度、挥发率和减容率的变化规律.试验结果表明:①飞灰中主要成分CaO、Al₂O₃和SiO₂的质量分数随着温度的升高而增加,而主要成分Cl元素和SO₃则从原来的20.59%和10.74%分别降低到0.15%和0.22%,可见高含量Cl元素和S元素是引起飞灰熔融固化挥发率高的主要原因,并且可能主要以氯化物和硬石膏的形式分解挥发,XRD的测定结果也进一步证明了这一点.②飞灰熔融前,碱度随温度的升高而显著降低,但当温度达到流动温度后,碱度值随温度的变化很小,基本保持在0.95左右.③飞灰中盐类分解挥发主要发生在1150℃～1260℃之间,在飞灰熔融温度前约100℃的范围内.     

电石渣脱硫运行存在问题的探讨

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫技术是我国燃煤电厂烟气脱硫的首选工艺,以电石渣代替石灰石进行烟气脱硫,可以达到废物利用、循环经济的目的。分析了以电石渣为脱硫剂时,系统运行存在的问题,并提出相关建议。     

镁碱化对土壤微生物活性和水解酶的影响

研究了镁碱度对土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响,研究地点位于甘肃河西走廊疏勒河中游昌马洪积冲积扇缘。从10个具有不同镁碱化程度的采样点,采集土壤样品30个,测定了土样的pH、镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-、钠碱度、有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶等指标。结果表明：土壤pH和钠碱度没有明显的相关性,而和镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.70、0.69和0.72。镁碱度和Mg2＋/Ca2＋显著正相关,相关系数为0.84。有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率的变化范围分别是6.4-18.5 g·kg-1、0.28-1.20 g·kg-1、23.1-351.9 mg·kg-1、0.37-2.52%、0.77-1.83μmol.g-1.d-1,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.52、-0.50、-0.59、-0.62、-0.65。β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶的变化范围分别是6.68-27.79μmol.g-1.h-1、7.03-25.99μmol.g-1.h-1、0.11-0.76μg.g-1.h-1、0.05-0.48μmol.g-1.h-1、0.07-0.61μmol.g-1.h-1吗,和微生物生物量碳之间显著正相关,相关系数分别是0.73、0.71、0.78、0.87、0.81,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.59、-0.58、-0.60、-0.56、-0.54。可见,镁碱化会造成土壤有机质含量下降、微生物生物量变小、微生物活性降低、水解酶活性低下,镁碱化是导致土地生产力低下的原因之一。     

催化汽油碱渣游离减度的定量问题探讨

通常以酚欧和甲基但作为指示剂进行酸碱满足测定游离碱度．催化汽油碱渣中的酚类化合物对游商碱度的测定有正项干扰．这个干扰可以由碱度差减去酚的浓度来消除．试验表明，该方法比碱度差方法误差小。使用方法可获得可信的结果．     

The Impact of Conifer Harvesting on Stream Water Quality: A Case Study in Mid-Wales

A 12-year record of water quality data for runoff from a spruce forested hillslope with podzolic soils shows the impacts of conifer harvesting and replanting in relation to nitrate generation and its influence on surface water acidification. With felling, nitrate increases from a background of 18 Eq/l to about 50 Eq/l after 1 to 2 years and then declines to background levels over the next 1 to 2 years and to lower concentrations thereafter. This change is mirrored by an acidification process as manifest by a change in Gran alkalinity, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) and aluminium concentrations as well as pH. For example, Gran alkalinity and ANC, which start at negative concentrations prior to felling (about –20 and –50 Eq/l, respectively), become more negative (–30 and –100 Eq/l, respectively) at high nitrate concentrations. Correspondingly, pH decreases from about 4.7 to 4.5 and aluminium concentrations increase from about 14 to 16 M. Subsequently, the acidification is reversed as nitrate concentrations decline and after five years post-felling the system has higher pH, Gran alkalinity and ANC together with lower aluminium concentrations than even before the felling took place (the post-felling values are about 4.9, -15 Eq/l, –20 Eq/l and 7 M/l, respectively).Other determinands show clear changes over time. For example, there is a marked increase in sodium and chloride prior to and around the time of felling (200 to 300 and 230 to 400 Eq/l, respectively), with a subsequent decline in concentration to pre-felling and to lower values of around 160 and 170 Eq/l, respectively, thereafter. This change is probably associated with abnormally high inputs of sea-salts from the atmosphere during the first quarter of the year of felling, and dilution thereafter, rather than a direct consequence of the felling activity itself: this change in sea salt loading has had an impact on stream acidity. Dissolved organic carbon and iron also change with concentrations increasing over time (60 to 200 and 1.0 to 1.5 M/l, respectively) and this mirrors a general pattern observed across the Plynlimon catchments irrespective of whether or not there has been felling activity.The implications of the findings are discussed in relations to environmental management and hydrochemical processes.     

PREDICTING BASEFLOW ALKALINITY AS AN INDEX TO EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION AND FISH PRESENCE1

ABSTRACT: Regression models to predict baseflow alkalinity from basin hydrogeology were developed and verified for headwater streams on the Laurel Hill anticline in southwestern Pennsylvania. Predicted baseflow alkalinities were then used to estimate sensitivity to acidification and presence of trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations for 61 headwater streams. Sensitivity classifications were verified by surveying trout populations. Geologic variables relating to the carbonate rock burial depth, extent of carbonate rock recharge areas, and length of stream channel flowing through effluent carbonate rock outcrops were much more useful in predicting baseflow alkalinity than areal extent of carbonate rocks. Baseflow alkalinity was not well related to status of trout populations on these anticlinal basins, especially on noneffluent basins where bedrock dip exceeded surface slope.     

复合工艺处理电镀综合废水

利用二氧化氯氧化破氰-铁屑内电解降铬-碱性沉淀复合工艺对某一电镀综合废水进行了处理,处理后的污水水质达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准的要求。文章从电镀废水的水质水量、工艺流程、流程说明、主要构筑物以及投资和运行结果等几方面对此工程进行了说明,对同类型污水处理具有一定的指导意义。     

长期土壤酸化模型(LTSAM)

以碱总量守恒为基础，以Ｕｌｒｉｃｈ缓冲范围为模型主要框架建立了兼能描述酸性与石灰性土壤长期酸化反应过程的动态模型．经与ＳＭＡＲＴ模型在理论设计和模拟结果两方面作对比之后，又利用新建模型以北京地区典型褐土为例进行了硫沉降与酸（Ｈ＋）沉降的对比计算．结果表明：（１）ＬＴＳＡＭ模型能够很好地反映土壤缓冲酸的主要机制．（２）模式运行即稳定又省时．（３）大气硫沉降不同于酸沉降．也就是说，硫沉降改变时，阳离子（尤其是主要离子）沉降量的变化应当加以考虑．     

序批式缺氧-好氧工艺处理味精废水试验研究

味精废水经吹脱、稀释预处理 ,CODCr32 0 0mg/L、氨氮 170mg/L、总氮 40 0mg/L ,在CODCr负荷 0 6kg/m3 ·d下 ,接触氧化法和活性污泥法都能达到GB8978 96的排放标准。当负荷为 0 8kg/m3 ·d时 ,低浓度进水方式可以使出水CODCr接近处理目标 ,但出水CODCr排放总量增加。由于味精废水含有高浓度的硫酸盐 ,缺氧状态下 ,硫酸盐还原反应影响了反映硝化反应。味精废水自身碱度不足 ,必须投加充足的碱量 ,以避免硝化时 pH的下降。