臭氧氧化-活性污泥法处理含PVA工业废水的试验研究

含聚乙烯醇(PVA)工业废水可生化性较差,处理难度大,为了寻找经济合理、切实可行的处理技术,研究了臭氧氧化-活性污泥法对不同浓度含PVA实际工业废水的处理效果,并与传统活性污泥法进行了比较.结果表明,臭氧氧化-活性污泥法对COD<500 mg·L-1,PVA在10～30 mg·L-1范围的PVA废水处理效果与传统活性污泥法相比,相差不大,臭氧预处理效果不明显;对于COD在500～800 mg·L-1,PVA为15～60 mg·L-1的PVA废水处理效果明显,COD和PVA的平均去除率分别为92.8%和57.4%,比传统活性污泥法提高了4.1%和15.2%,出水COD在30～60 mg·L-1之间;对于COD为1 000～1 200mg·L-1,PVA在20～70 mg·L-1范围的PVA废水,臭氧氧化-活性污泥法处理效果显著,COD和PVA的平均去除率分别为90.9%和45.3%,比传统活性污泥法对COD和PVA的去除率分别提高了12.8%和12.1%,但是出水需要进一步处理才能达标排放.与传统活性污泥法相比,臭氧氧化-活性污泥法处理效率高,运行稳定,能有效地处理含PVA的工业废水.     

基于区域传输矩阵和PM2.5达标约束的大气容量计算方法

大气环境容量是环保规划中的重要参考指标.为满足PM_(2.5)的达标,在传统的容量计算方法基础上,筛选不利气象年份,结合CAMx-PSAT模式计算的区域传输结果,优化广东省各城市的大气环境容量分配,并综合分析各城市超载情况,模拟容量情景下的PM_(2.5)浓度.结果表明,在全省各地市PM_(2.5)≤35μg·m-3的约束下,广东省SO2容量约为68万t;NOx约为135万t;NH3约为46万t;PM_(2.5)约为51万t.2014年广东省SO2排放超出容量10%,NOx超出12%,NH3超出9%,一次PM_(2.5)超出20%.污染物种超载数量较多的城市有广州、佛山、中山、清远.当实现容量情景时,全省PM_(2.5)年均浓度约在30μg·m-3,各城市年均值都达到国家空气质量二级标准.     

Sequential impacts of Polynesian and European settlement on vegetation and environmental processes recorded in sediments at Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand

Whangapoua Estuary, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, is central to a proposed Marine Reserve, and is currently managed for conservation by the Department of Conservation. This paper describes the sequential impacts of Maori and European people on the process of estuarine vegetation succession in time and space, and the rate of estuarine sedimentation. Multiple cores from one estuary gave confidence in assessing the temporal sequence of vegetation change, but bioturbation and other disturbance factors made it difficult to interpret ¹⁴C dates from the estuarine environment. The modern vegetation zonation pattern on the estuary is an active succession, which has been generated by rapid estuary in-filling, probably initiated as a consequence of erosion following Maori burning of the adjacent forest. European forest clearance for agriculture resulted in a further increase in estuarine sedimentation, and may have re-activated earlier sediments trapped in adjacent swamps. The combined effects of two phases of human exploitation have resulted in large-scale loss of nutrients and top-soil from catchments throughout Great Barrier Island. Conservation management of the estuary should take account of the anthropogenic impacts that have driven the plant succession and created the current vegetation zonation pattern. This pattern is neither static nor ‘natural’, but rather an on-going response to the changing human activities in the surrounding catchment.     

开发长江流域水库渔业的思考

长江流域水库密集,蕴藏着巨大的渔业资源,由于人口增加,耕地减少,保护土地成为国策,今后靠用耕地开挖池塘养鱼来增加水产品产量已不可能;我国传统的四大海洋经济鱼类,因过度捕捞,已不成渔汛,湖泊不断减少,江河环境受到不同程序的污染,使湖泊,灌河渔业产量下降。相反,随着岁月流长,人类进步,经济繁荣,人工湖－即水库将会不断增加。     

岷江上游和中游几个河段的下蚀率对比研究

岷江中、上游从我国地势的第一阶梯穿入第二阶梯,是中国西部地质、地貌、气候的陡变带,因而研究其下蚀率具有重要的理论和实际意义。利用河流阶地与阶地形成年龄间的线性关系分别研究了岷江上游和中游几个河段的河流下蚀率,通过计算分别得出岷江上游和中游几个河段的河流下蚀率,在此基础上对岷江上游和中游的几个河段的下蚀率作了对比,得出岷江上游几个河段的年平均下蚀率（1.40 mm/a）大于岷江中游几个河段的年平均下蚀率（1.08 mm/a）的结论,并分析了产生这种现象的原因。     

泸沽湖区特殊自然社会生态系统的危机因素及调控途径

通过野外实地考察和对室内资料的分析，探讨了川、滇交界泸沽湖摩梭人聚居区自然社会生态系统的危机因子，并提出了切实可行的调控途径。     

Cytogenetic Damage of Human Somatic Cells and Weeping Birch Cells in Voronezh Districts with Different Levels of Anthropogenic Pollution

Cytogenetic parameters (the mitotic rate and the frequency of pathological mitoses) of the seed offspring of weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium of children living in several raions (districts) of the city of Voronezh differing in environmental conditions were studied. Judging from these parameters, the environmental situation was the worst in the Sovetskii raion. A correlation was found between the frequency of pathological mitoses in the roots of birch seedlings and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelial cells of children. This indicates that the cytogenetic monitoring data obtained in plants may be extrapolated to man.     

四湖地区湿地资源及其开发

对四湖地区的湿地资源进行了三个方面的探讨和研究:湿地类型及其特征;湿地开发及其存在的问题;湿地资源合理开发模式研究。     

Recent changes in Red Lake (Romania) sedimentation rate determined from depth profiles of Pb and Cs radioisotopes

This work presents a first estimation of the sedimentation rate for the Red Lake (Romania). The sediment accumulation rates were determined by two well-known methods for recent sediment dating: ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs methods. Both techniques implied used the gamma emission of the above-mentioned radionuclides. The ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in the sediment were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a HpGe detector, Gamma-X type. Activities ranging from 41 ± 7 to 135 ± 34 Bq/kg were found for ²¹⁰Pb and from 3 ± 0.5 to 1054 ± 150 Bq/kg for ¹³⁷Cs. The sediment profile indicates acceleration in sedimentation rate in the last 18 years. Thus, the sedimentation process for the Red Lake can be divided in two periods, the last 18 years, and respectively, the period before that. Using the Constant Rate of ²¹⁰Pb Supply method values between 0.18 ± 0.04 and 1.85 ± 0.5 g/cm² year (0.32 ± 0.08 and 2.83 ± 0.7 cm/year) were obtained. Considering both periods, an average sedimentation rate of 0.87 ± 0.17 g/cm² year (1.17 cm/year) was calculated. Considering an average depth of 5.41 m for the lake and the sedimentation rate estimated for the last 18 years, it could be estimated that the lake will disappear in 195 years.     

江汉平原东部地区地下水资源的开发利用与保护

根据国家科技攻关的结果，论证了江汉平原东部地区地下水资源的分区和地下水单元的富水性，水质，含水层的水文地质地征，地下水开发利用合理井距，单井开采水量，提出了地下水资源开发利用中的保护对策。