草地不同利用方式对高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆那拉提高寒草甸天然草地进行围栏(3、5、30 a)和自由放牧处理,探讨草地不同利用方式对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上生物量逐渐增加;地上生物量的变化趋势为放牧草地围栏3 a草地围栏5 a草地围栏30 a草地。     

季节性冻融格局变化对高山森林土壤氮素淋溶损失的影响

气候变化情景下冻融格局的改变可能导致寒冷生物区土壤氮的淋溶损失,从而改变土壤养分循环和森林溪流的水体环境.因此,为了解季节性冻融循环及其变化对高山森林土壤氮淋溶损失的影响,于2010年5月到2012年4月期间,采用土柱培养实验,利用海拔形成的温度差异模拟气候变暖过程,将高山森林(海拔3600 m)土壤分别培养在海拔3600 m(A1)、3300 m(A2)和3000 m(A3)的森林地表,研究了生长季节与冻融季节不同关键时期的土壤氮淋溶特征.结果表明:川西高山森林土壤氮素淋溶损失随着海拔增加而增加,其损失量为(1.85±0.39)kg·hm-2·a-1(A3)(1.87±0.34)kg·hm-2·a-1(A2)(2.94±0.73)kg·hm-2·a-1(A1),其中,62%以上的氮损失发生在季节性冻融期间.冻融季节高山森林土壤氮素淋溶流失的主要形式为铵态氮和硝态氮,且铵态氮的淋溶损失量高于硝态氮,而生长季节土壤氮素淋溶损失的主要形式是可溶性有机氮.这意味着冻融循环格局在很大程度上控制着高山森林土壤氮素淋溶损失特征,未来气候变暖可能降低高寒森林土壤氮素肥力,增加森林溪流中的氮含量.     

Stability of alpine timberline ecotone on Taibai Mountain,China

--Landscape boundaries are always indicated by thevegetation boundaries. As an ecotone between closed forest andtreeline, alpine timberline may respond to global climate changessensitively. The stability of timberline and treeline depend notonly on climate change, but also on the interaction of both sidesof the ecosystems. Three natural boundaries existing in thetimberline transitional zone are recognized (1) timberline (upperlimit of closed forest zone); (2) treeline (upper limit of treeislands zone); (3) tree-species line (upper limit of individualtree growth). Paleobotanical and sedimentary evidences suggest thatthere were several times of climate fluctuation during the Holoceneperiod in this area. The timberline of Taibai Mountain must havemoved for four times on the millennium scale. Being a stochasticoscillation boundary, treeline appears in a semi-stable conditionon the century scale. The tree-species line is even more unstable,which appears in an unstable status on the decades scale. Thecomparison of the stability within several landscape boundaries,shed light on the sensibility of these communities to variousperturbation and environmental heterogeneity, i.e., herb community is the most sensitive one, which is followed by shrubs, and forestis the most stable one. Trees and shrubs can adapt to rocky andpoor soils. On the contrary, alpine herbs are able to adapt towetter and cooler soils. Finally, under a scenario of a temperatureof 1.5-4.5℃ increase, the present timberline will be relativelystable but treeline and tree-species line will move upward.     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

高寒沙区两种典型固沙植物改良土壤的策略

植被恢复与重建是退化土地生态修复的重要途径,植物与土壤环境的关系一直是热点科学问题,但对高寒沙区尚缺乏系统性的研究。为探明不同沙生植物对高寒沙地土壤的改良策略,以青海共和盆地中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)和乌柳(Salix cheilophila)两种典型固沙植物为研究对象,通过对比细根分布规律分析其环境适应性,结合林地土壤物理性质、有机碳含量和土壤含水量等要素,分析两种植物对土壤的改良作用。结果表明,(1)两种植物的细根主要集中在0-60 cm土层,中间锦鸡儿水平方向分布更多,且细根平均生物量密度和有机碳含量都高于乌柳。(2)乌柳人工林各深度土壤有机碳密度均高于中间锦鸡儿,其累计百分比在0-40 cm土层较高,中间锦鸡儿在40-120 cm较高。(3)两种人工林的土壤容重、最大持水量和毛管持水量均值差异不显著。中间锦鸡儿林地土壤容重在0-40 cm土层大于乌柳,在40-120 cm小于乌柳;其最大持水量和毛管持水量在0-60 cm小于乌柳,在60-120 cm大于乌柳。(4)两种人工林土壤含水量和土壤温度都呈表层高,随土壤深度递减趋势。乌柳林地各深度土壤含水量均高于中间锦鸡儿,土壤温度均低于中间锦鸡儿。研究表明,中间锦鸡儿的环境适应性和固沙能力较强,倾向于深层土壤改良和固碳策略;乌柳人工林的固碳作用和涵养水源能力较强,倾向于表层土壤改良和固碳策略;同时,两种人工林都倾向于表层保水的策略。该文通过对比分析不同沙生植物改良土壤的策略,为长期研究高寒沙区生态修复与优良固沙植物筛选等工作提供理论依据。     

长白山高山冻原氮素生物循环及与北极冻原的对比

利用分室模型对长白山高山冻原系统氮素生物循环进行了研究;利用植物属种共有率对长白山高山冻原与北极冻原进行了对比研究.结果表明,长白山高山冻原植物区系中有89.3%的属和58.6%的种与北极冻原共有,其中地衣、苔藓和维管束植物与北极冻原相似类群属和种的共有率分别为95.5%和58.7%、82.1%和76.3%、93.1%和40.5%.这种高度的共有率决定了长白山高山冻原和北极冻原的植物区系和植被外貌具有高度相似性.长白山高山冻原植被-土壤系统总氮净储存为 65 220.6 t,其中土壤库占99.3%.长白山高山冻原系统中氮在各个分室的储存量分别是:植被库237.4 t;凋落物库145.3 t;土壤库64 837.9 t.地上植物活体、地下根系、凋落物中氮素年转移量分别为: 131.7 t·a^-1, 58 t·a^-1和73.7 t·a^-1.     

高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响研究

目的研究高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响。方法利用查阅文献、问卷调查、实装检测等方法分析研究西南高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响。结果高原高寒环境对武器装备的性能、电子设备、机能、维修保养、射程偏差、机动能力等方面带来较大影响。结论高原高寒环境因素影响降低了武器装备环境适应性,降低了其原有的作战效能。研究分析结果将为相关论证、研制、生产、使用部门提供重要的借鉴意义。     

冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

采用Bremner氮素分级方法,研究冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响.结果表明:随着冻融时间的变化,微生物量氮含量先减少后增加,在冻融1 d后达到最小值,4℃、-4℃、-4～4℃和-20～4℃处理下分别下降了50.37%、57.47%、37.79%和37.51%;氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮变化趋势相同,先增加后减少,均在冻融1 d后达到最大值,各处理氨基酸氮含量分别为处理前的1.6倍、1.47倍、1.44倍和1.5倍,氨基糖分别为处理前的1.66倍、1.58倍、1.65倍和1.91倍;氨态氮含量先增加后减少,-20～4℃处理在冻融1 d后为处理前的1.25倍,其余3个处理在冻融3 d后达到最大值;各处理酸解未知氮的变化趋势大体相同,在冻融25 d后达到最小值.研究表明冻融时间对微生物量氮和有机氮组分影响显著,微生物量氮含量是有机氮组分变化的主要原因.     

直升机航电系统高原高寒环境适应性评估

目的研究高原高寒环境对直升机航电系统试验的影响、应对以及直升机环境适应性评价方法。方法通过分析高原高寒环境对直升机航电系统的影响因素,建立评价指标体系,运用模糊综合评价方法,得出直升机航电系统在高原高寒环境下适应性评价值。结果直升机高原高寒适应性可分为两个一级指标,12个二级指标,其中高原适应性评价指标的权重为0.7983,高寒适应性的权重指标为0.2135。某直升机高原高寒适应性模糊综合评价值为0.7692,适应性综合评价为较好。结论高原、高寒地区特殊的自然环境、地形地貌、气候条件等都会对航空装备的试验和使用产生很大的影响,航空装备乃至武器装备环境适应性试验的重要性与日俱增,运用模糊综合评价方法能够有效地进行直升机航电系统高原高寒环境适应性评价,提高试验效率。     

拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明：各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。