太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

长江中下游浅水湖泊紫外辐射的衰减

基于对长江中下游22个浅水湖泊有色可溶性有机物吸收的测量,运用经验模式估算了紫外辐射(UV-B、UV-A)在长江中下游湖泊的衰减及对应的穿透深度,并利用在武汉东湖实测的紫外辐射衰减进行了检验.结果表明,UV-B波段的320nm和UV-A波段的380nm衰减系数变化范围分别为2.05～21.00m^-1,1.07～12.85m^-1,对应的1%穿透深度分别为0.22～2.25m,0.36～4.29m.估算得到的紫外辐射衰减系数与DOC浓度均存在显著性正相关,但UV-B波段要高于UV-A波段.武汉东湖实测的紫外辐射衰减检验发现,基于CDOM吸收系数估算UV-B辐射衰减较为精确,而由于浮游植物吸收和悬浮物散射等影响对UV-A波段估算精度则明显下降.     

典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染风险评价及来源解析

为了解典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染特征以及污染来源,系统采集并测定了骆马湖养殖区和非养殖区沉积物营养盐与5种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr）含量.分析了骆马湖沉积物污染物的空间分布特征和垂向分布特征,基于潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对沉积物重金属生态健康风险进行评价,并通过Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析（PCA）进行污染物来源解析.结果表明：骆马湖沉积物整体污染严重,由于圈圩和围网养殖阻碍了水体连通性,养殖区营养盐空间分布不均,重金属在入湖口附近含量更高.同时大量投放的鱼类、营养物质和含重金属杀菌剂等对湖泊生态系统和环境造成了一定破坏.圈圩区沉积物营养盐和重金属在垂向上无明显的线性累积,但非养殖区沉积物污染程度随深度变浅而增加趋势明显.骆马湖沉积物重金属整体呈重度生态风险,其中Hg的生态风险最高.除了Cr对儿童健康具有非致癌风险,其他重金属尚未对人体健康构成致癌和非致癌风险.总体而言,骆马湖沉积物中重金属如Zn、Pb、Hg和总磷以入湖客水与骆马湖沿岸旅游业、工业及农业开发等外源输入为主;总氮和总有机碳主要受养殖和水生植物等内源影响;基于污染来源解析结果,建议对骆马湖...     

南昌市湖泊水体中不同粒径胶体的三维荧光光谱特征研究

基于切向流超滤系统及三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)技术,结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及自组织映射神经网络(SOM),对南昌市典型湖泊水体中不同粒径胶体的荧光物质组分、来源及结构等进行分析.通过PARAFAC解谱发现,各粒径胶体主要由5种荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质组分(C1~C3)及类蛋白质组分(C4~C5).其中,类腐殖质组分主要集中在小分子量(1~10 k Da)胶体中,而类蛋白质组分则主要存在于大分子量(100 k Da~0.45μm)胶体中.同时,利用光谱指数(FI、BIX、HIX、UV254)表征胶体组分来源及其特性,结果表明,大分子量胶体以自生源为主,而小分子量胶体的腐殖化程度及芳香性更高,这与其较高比例的类腐殖质组分有关.经SOM训练,探讨了不同粒径分级胶体在SOM映射图中的分布情况,其结果与PARAFAC所得结果一致,即小分子量胶体及大分子量胶体主要分别映射于SOM的下部和上部,而类蛋白质荧光峰强度占总荧光强度的比例为自右上至左下方向递减.PARAFAC与SOM的有效结合,可为了解水体中的物质组成、掌握胶体在水环境中的环境行为及其与污染物在水体中的归趋作用提供数据支持.     

南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布

用1 3C同位素内标法 ,高分辨率气相色谱 高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中 1 7种含 2 3 7 8 氯代二苯并二英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)及 1 2种共平面多氯联苯 (Co PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析 ,并与山东近海 (日照、烟台、青岛 )的测定结果进行比较 .总Co PCBs含量分别为 5 4 4pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和 41 4pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .总PCDD/Fs含量分别为 1 0 6 7pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和1 47 0pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .两湖含 2 3 7 8 PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同 ,即以四—五氯代异构体为主 .PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛 >日照 >南四湖 >烟台 .南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ (PCDD/F TEQ PCB TEQ)的贡献为68 8%— 93 0 % .南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD %∑百分比表明 ,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致 ,相对恒定 .除河口处外 ,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源 .     

烟波湖下觅故城

历史上由于长江中下游湖泊的扩大和迁移,湮废了许多古城和古迹.鄱阳湖湮废(枭)阳、海昬、昌邑城.洪泽湖淹没泗州城和明祖陵.太湖平原上阳澄湖下阳城县,偕薄县城陷于当湖之中.这些古城为秦汉至南北朝设置.     

Stability of alpine timberline ecotone on Taibai Mountain,China

--Landscape boundaries are always indicated by thevegetation boundaries. As an ecotone between closed forest andtreeline, alpine timberline may respond to global climate changessensitively. The stability of timberline and treeline depend notonly on climate change, but also on the interaction of both sidesof the ecosystems. Three natural boundaries existing in thetimberline transitional zone are recognized (1) timberline (upperlimit of closed forest zone); (2) treeline (upper limit of treeislands zone); (3) tree-species line (upper limit of individualtree growth). Paleobotanical and sedimentary evidences suggest thatthere were several times of climate fluctuation during the Holoceneperiod in this area. The timberline of Taibai Mountain must havemoved for four times on the millennium scale. Being a stochasticoscillation boundary, treeline appears in a semi-stable conditionon the century scale. The tree-species line is even more unstable,which appears in an unstable status on the decades scale. Thecomparison of the stability within several landscape boundaries,shed light on the sensibility of these communities to variousperturbation and environmental heterogeneity, i.e., herb community is the most sensitive one, which is followed by shrubs, and forestis the most stable one. Trees and shrubs can adapt to rocky andpoor soils. On the contrary, alpine herbs are able to adapt towetter and cooler soils. Finally, under a scenario of a temperatureof 1.5-4.5℃ increase, the present timberline will be relativelystable but treeline and tree-species line will move upward.     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

Nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes of northern greece

GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Shallow lakes display a number of features that set them apart from the more frequently studied deeper systems. The majority of lakes in Northern Greece are small to moderate in size with a relatively low depth and are considered as sites of high value of the wetland habitat. However, the water quality of these lakes has only been evaluated segmentally and occasionally. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate nitrogen and phosphorus speciation in lakes of a high ecological significance located in N. Greece, in order to evaluate their eutrophication status and possible nutrient limitation factors, and to investigate the main factors/sources that affect the water quality of these systems. METHODS: An extensive survey was carried out during the period from 1998-1999. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis from lakes Koronia, Volvi, Doirani, Mikri Prespa and Megali Prespa located in N. Greece. Water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity), organic indices (COD, BOD5), and N- and P-species (NO3(-), NO2(-), NH4(+), and PO4(3-), Kieldahl nitrogen and acid-hydrolysable phosphorus) were determined according to standard methods for surface water. Statistical treatment of the data was employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical parameters determined in the lakes studied revealed a high temporal variation. The trophic state of the lakes ranged from meso- to hypertrophic. The nutrient limiting factor varied among lakes suggesting either P-limitation conditions or mixed conditions changing from P- to N-limitation throughout the year. Urban/industrial activities and agricultural runoff are the major factors affecting all lakes, although with a varying contribution. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This lake-specific research offers valuable information about water quality and nutrient dynamics in lakes of significant ecological value located in N. Greece that can be useful for an effective pollution control/management of these systems. Due to the large intra-annual variability of certain physicochemical parameters, a properly designed monitoring program of lake water is recommended.