高寒山地甘肃臭草斑块特征与土壤水分的关系

选取石羊河上游高寒退化草地甘肃臭草种群,分析斑块特征、土壤水分以及二者之间的相互关系,以期了解植被对土壤水分变化的适应性和反作用特征.结果表明:甘肃臭草斑块在形成、扩散和稳定阶段种群高度、密度、盖度由中心向边缘逐渐减小,衰退阶段由中心向边缘逐渐增大,甘肃臭草斑块内土壤水分由中心向边缘逐渐增大,斑块内土壤水分大于斑块外;斑块内土壤水分与植被主要生物学特征之间由负相关向正相关过渡.甘肃臭草具有明显的可塑性,通过对干旱区环境的长期适应,改变了小范围内土壤水分分布结构,进而形成繁茂生长的单一优势种群斑块.表3参16     

江湖阻隔对涨渡湖区鱼类资源的生态影响

长江中游两岸绝大多数通江湖泊自20世纪50年代以来因水利工程阻隔先后失去与长江的联系而产生一系列的生态问题。我们以涨渡湖为例开展江湖阻隔后对单个湖泊鱼类资源所产生的生态影响进行研究,结果表明：江湖阻隔导致湖泊生产经营方式改变,使得野生渔业产量的比例由1949年的95%,降低到2002年的不足5%;江湖阻隔后湖泊鱼类种类由50年代约80种下降到现在的52种,其中,洄游性和流水型鱼类比重由50%下降至不足30%;迷魂阵渔获物在单位产量、个体大小上极显著(p < 0.01)地高于通江湖泊,但在物种数和多样性指数上则要低得多(p < 0.01)。因此,江湖阻隔对湖泊渔业具明显影响,且正导致野生鱼类资源的进一步衰退。     

川西亚高山、高山森林土壤微生物生物量和酶活性动态特征

为深入了解川西亚高山/高山森林冬季生态学过程,于2008年11月─2009年10月,在土壤冻结初期、冻结期和融化期及植被生长季节,研究了不同海拔岷江冷杉林（Abies faxoniana）土壤微生物生物量和酶活性动态。各海拔森林土壤在冬季维持着较高的微生物生物量含量和酶活性,并随土壤冻融过程不断变化。土壤有机层和矿质土壤层冬季微生物生物量碳和氮含量及转化酶和尿酶活性均表现出受冻结初期土壤冻融循环影响显著降低,在冻结期变化不明显,在融化期急剧增加至融化后显著降低的趋势,且土壤有机层微生物生物量含量和酶活性在融化期具有一个明显的年高峰值。海拔变化显著影响了土壤酶活性,但对土壤微生物生物量不显著。土壤温度与土壤微生物生物量含量相关显著。这表明季节性冻融期是土壤生态过程的重要时期,土壤冻融格局显著影响川西亚高山/高山森林土壤微生物生物量和酶活性动态。     

1954-2010年西南高山地区土壤碳储量时空动态及对气候变化的响应

西南高山地区生态系统类型丰富、地形复杂, 是响应全球气候变化的重点区域,对全球气候变化具有重要的指示作用。研究应用生态系统模型CEVSA(Carbon Exchange betweenVegetation, Soil, and the Atmosphere)估算了1954-2010 年西南高山地区土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon, SOC)的时空变化,分析了其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:①西南高山地区1954-2010 年平均土壤有机碳密度为14.16 kg C·m^-2,在空间分布上,SOC密度自东南向西北递增,与温度显著负相关(r=-0.447,P<0.01),而与降水量相关性不显著;②西南高山地区1954-2010 年SOC 总量变动范围为6.95~7.64 Pg C,增加趋势显著(P<0.05),平均每年增加0.013 Pg C,土壤有机碳密度平均增加26.94 g C·m^-2;③常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林和草地SOC密度增加趋势均显著,除常绿阔叶林SOC密度与温度相关性不显著外,其他两种植被类型SOC都与年平均温度显著正相关(草地:r=0.527, P<0.01; 常绿针叶林:r=0.501, P<0.01),且3 种植被类型SOC与年降水量均相关性不显著;④由于作为土壤有机碳输入的凋落物产生量对温度不如异养呼吸敏感,所以未来升温条件下,土壤有机碳储量的增速减缓或者呈下降趋势。     

若尔盖高原湿地地表水与大气湿沉降中有机氯农药和多氯联苯研究

采用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用法分析位于青藏高原东缘的若尔盖高原牧场地表水和大气湿沉降中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)异构体含量的季节分布特征,探讨持久性有机污染物(POPs)在边远清洁地区的地球化学行为.结果表明,若尔盖地区地表水中∑HCHs、∑DDTs、HCB、∑6PCBs平均浓度分别为0.90,1.36, 0.95,1.35ng/L.大气降水中OCPs和PCBs平均浓度分别为0.363,0.118ng/L,最大值出现在11月初冬的降雪样品中.异构体按平均浓度排序为HCB > PCB28 > p,p’-DDD > p,p’-DDE > α-HCH > γ-HCH.PCBs以PCB28和PCB52为主,除少量的PCB101外,其余高氯代PCB化合物都未在沉降样品中检出.∑HCHs、∑DDTs、∑PCBs的大气沉降通量分别为0.058~0.268,0.087~0.311,0.049~0.188ng/(m2·d).高海拔地区POPs大气沉降模式可分为“海拔梯度降水型”和“高原型”2类.类似于极地冷凝作用,高原型降雪中的POPs的沉积通量高于降雨沉降通量,但持久性较强的PCB138、PCB153和PCB180则缺失.这一结果验证了高空大气远程迁移和局地的高山冷凝效应的区别.     

营养盐与盐双重胁迫下水体中浮游细菌的响应

为阐释干旱地区内陆湖泊微生物群落对营养盐和盐双重胁迫的响应机制,针对干旱、半干旱地区许多湖泊水体受咸化与富营养化双重影响的特点,通过454高通量测序16S rRNA基因和多元统计分析,研究水体营养盐和盐的添加对细菌群落结构、多样性变化的影响. 结果表明,盐与营养盐的输入引起了水体中细菌群落组成和多样性的显著变化, 具体表现为:①随着盐度(以w计)的升高,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)的相对丰度显著增加,从对照处理的16.0%±4.6%增至SO(贫营养-盐水)处理的39.8%±18.1%;但会受到水体营养水平的制约. ②富营养水平下,微咸条件(盐度为1.5‰)有利于细菌类群丰富度的增加,BE-30(微咸-富营养处理培养30 d样品)的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(4.62)显著高于FE-30(淡水-富营养处理培养30 d样品,2.08)和SE-30(高盐-富营养处理培养30 d样品,1.69);③高盐(盐度为3.0‰)条件下,随着水体中营养盐含量的增加,喜营养的嗜盐细菌类群大量繁殖(SE-30中无法分类的Comamonadaceae科的相对丰度达到69.3%),因而降低了水体中细菌群落的多样性. 研究显示,α-变形菌纲和无法分类的Comamonadaceae科对盐与营养盐的变化较为敏感,可作为干旱区湖泊咸化和富营养化过程的参考类群.      

THE RESTON (VIRGINIA) LAKE-USE SURVEY: PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A public attitude survey was developed by a citizen committee and mailed to all residences (14,747) in the planned, suburban community of Reston, Virginia, which is responsible for maintaining four small, recreational impoundments. Over 18 percent of survey forms were returned, and characteristics of the survey sample suggest that the suite of respondents was representative of the Reston community as a whole. Of those respondents indicating a preferred lake use, 48 percent chose walking or looking as most important; boating as second at 27 percent; and fishing was third, favored by only 8 percent. Citizens feel strongly (94 percent) that the lakes are valuable community assets. Appearance was the characteristic most valued by 62 percent of respondents, and 58 percent considered degradation of water quality either the first or second most important ecological issue affecting local lakes. These findings provide a decisive public mandate for lake management activities related to visual quality. In response to this survey, the Reston Association, a homeowners' organization responsible for the lakes, increased public access of visual enjoyment, intensified litter control, expanded activities in public education on lake management and ecology, and continued a long-term program of water quality monitoring.     

EFFECTS OF URBAN LAKES ON SURFACE RUNOFF AND WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: The effects of an artificial lake system upon the runoff hydrology of a small watershed have been determined by comparing the quantity and quality of runoff with that of an adjacent and similar watershed containing no lakes. Lake storage reduced peak discharge and slowed flood recession rate downstream. Water stored within the lakes is generally of different quality than downstream surface runoff. Salt stored in the lakes from winter deicing is released during periods of surface runoff throughout the rest of the year. During summer or fall runoff events, lake outflow dominates the salt load of the outlet stream, generating double-peaked load hydrographs in which the second, or lake-induced, crest is many times larger than the peak which corresponds to maximum flow. On the other hand, the lakes cause a reduction of salt loads and concentration in winter runoff. The concentration and loads of ions which are not related to road salt are generally less affected by the lakes, although they are increased substantially in the fall.     

PERCEPTION OF WATER QUALITY BY SELECT RESPONDENT GROUPINGS IN INLAND WATER-BASED RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines four lake environments which are paired by lake size and by trophic state, where trophic state is employed as an identifier of water quality. Two large lakes and two intermediate-sized lakes, with each pair having one oligotrophic lake and one eutrophic lake are selected for cross-sectional survey-oriented questionnaire research. This paper focuses upon one aspect of the research, namely, the perception of water quality by three user groups. The user groups examined are recreationists, cottage and homeowners, and fishermen. The groups are compared utilizing percentage response profiles and cluster level groupings. It appears from a preliminary analysis of the data that the lakes selected are viable trophic state endpoints for questionnaire analysis of respondents. Each user group surveyed does appear sensitive to select water quality parameters; where shifts in sensitivity appear within and between user groups with changes in ecological settings, as well as with factors independent of ecological settings.     

REVIEW OF LAKE RESTORATION PROCEDURES1

ABSTRACT Relevant information on the restoration of lakes is presented. The restoration procedures considered are applicable to the water, the bottom sediments, and aquatic plant improvement. A summary of thirteen (13) suggested methods of restoration are reviewed.