A Tool for Modeling the Winter Oxygen Depletion Rate in Arctic Lakes1

Abstract: Many arctic lakes freeze completely in winter. The few that retain unfrozen water for the entire winter period serve as overwintering fish habitat. In addition to serving as fish habitat, water in arctic lakes is needed for industrial and domestic use. Permits for water extraction seek to maximize water use without impacting dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and endangering fish habitat. The relationship between lake volume, winter DO budget, and extraction of water through pumping has historically not been well understood. A management model that could estimate end‐of‐winter DO would improve our understanding of the potential impacts of different management strategies. Using under‐ice DO measurements (November to April) taken from two natural lakes and one flooded gravel mine on the North Slope of Alaska, a physically based model was developed to predict end‐of‐winter DO concentration, water‐column DO profiles, and winter oxygen depletion rate in arctic lakes during periods of ice cover. Comparisons between the measured and model‐predicted oxygen profiles in the three study lakes suggest that the depth‐based DO modeling tool presented herein can be used to adequately predict the amount of DO available in arctic lakes throughout winter.     

Fine‐Sediment Loadings to Lake Tahoe1

Abstract: Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine‐grained sediments emanating from upland and channel sources. The overall objective of the research reported here was to determine the amount of fine sediment delivered to Lake Tahoe from each of the 63 contributing watersheds. The research described in this report used combinations of field‐based observations of channel and bank stability with measured and simulated data on fine‐sediment loadings to estimate fine‐sediment loadings from unmonitored basins throughout the Lake Tahoe Basin. Loadings were expressed in the conventional format of mass per unit time but also in the number of particles finer than 20 μm, the latter for future use in a lake‐clarity model. The greatest contributors of fine sediment happened to be those with measured data, not requiring extrapolation. In descending order, they are as follows: Upper Truckee River [1,010 tonnes per year (T/year)], Blackwood Creek (846 T/year), Trout Creek (462 T/year), and Ward Creek (412 T/year). Summing estimated values from the contributing watersheds provided an average, annual estimate of fine‐sediment (<0.063 mm) loadings to the lake of 5,206 T/year. A total of 7.79E + 19 particles in the 5‐20 μm fraction were calculated to enter Lake Tahoe in an average year with the Upper Truckee River accounting for almost 25% of the total. Contributions from Blackwood, Ward, Trout, and Third creeks account for another 23% of these very fine particles. Thus, these five streams making up about 40% of the basin area, account for almost 50% of all fine‐sediment loadings to the lake. Contribution of fine sediment from streambank erosion were estimated by developing empirical relations between measured or simulated bank‐erosion rates with a field‐based measure of the extent of bank instability along given streams. An average, annual fine‐sediment loading from streambank erosion of 1,305 T/year was calculated. This represents about 25% of the average, annual fine‐sediment load delivered to the lake from all sources. The two largest contributors, the Upper Truckee River (639 T/year) and Blackwood Creek (431 T/year), account for slightly more than 80% of all fines emanating from streambanks, representing about 20% of the fine sediment delivered to Lake Tahoe from all sources. Extrapolations of fine‐sediment loadings to the unmonitored watersheds are based on documented empirical relations, yet contain a significant amount of uncertainty. Except for those values derived directly from measured data, reported results should be considered as estimates.     

藏北高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估

藏北高寒草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障.然而,高寒草地退化使生态系统服务功能减弱,生态服务价值降低,不仅严重影响了藏北高原畜牧业生产和牧民生活,而且直接威胁到区域生态安全及东亚水资源安全.因此,本研究在综合考虑草地生态系统的地域差异性、空间异质性和区域经济发展水平差异性的基础上,选择了贡献率较高的12项指标,对藏北那曲不同类型和不同退化程度高寒草地的生态服务价值进行评估.结果表明,藏北那曲地区高寒草地生态系统的年总生态服务价值为1199.07亿元,其中,高寒草原、高寒荒漠、高寒荒漠草原和高寒草甸提供的生态服务价值分别占总生态服务价值的62.9%、1.5%、8.0%和28.1%.从退化程度上看,未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和严重退化草地提供的生态服务价值分别占总生态服务价值的54.9%、29.3%、11.0%和4.8%.     

泰山夏季PM2.5中生物源SOA的分子组成及影响因素

为探究泰山夏季PM_2.5中生物源二次有机气溶胶（BSOA）的分子组成、昼夜变化特征、及影响因素,于2016年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_2.5样品采集,并对碳质组分、无机离子和BSOA示踪物进行分析.结果表明,元素碳（EC）和左旋葡聚糖质量浓度处于较低水平且昼夜差异较小（t检验,P < 0.05）,表明采样期间泰山山顶气溶胶受人为污染排放的影响较小.BSOA示踪物的总质量浓度呈昼高夜低的变化特征,表明白天较强的温度和太阳辐射使得气溶胶的氧化程度比夜间强.其中,异戊二烯类SOA示踪物的质量浓度最高达（77.64±51.79）ng/m³,其次为单萜烯类和倍半萜烯类SOA示踪物,分别为（33.68±21.29）和（6.97±3.28）ng/m³.基于示踪物-产率法估算得出SOC_异戊二烯对有机碳（OC）的贡献率（15.3%）最高.由BSOA示踪物与RH（R￡-0.45）和pH_is（R￡-0.53）的负相关性可知,高湿条件可以降低气溶胶的酸度进而抑制BSOA通过酸催化氧化反应的形成.由BSOA与温度和人为源指示物（左旋葡聚糖和EC）的相关性分析得出,采样期间泰山地区BSOA主要受当地BVOCs氧化反应的影响,而受长距离传输人为污染源的影响较小.     

高寒藏区农牧村家庭能源消费特征及影响因素——以甘南高原为例

能源是消除贫困和实现经济社会与人类发展的重要因素。文章在对甘南高原23个乡镇357个家庭用能资料分析的基础上,研究了高寒藏区农牧村家庭能源消费的特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:1农牧村人均能源消费量为996.05 kgce,以畜粪等生物质能为主,能耗水平高,消费品质差,综合热效率只有18.77%,大部分农牧民还停留在满足基本生存需求的状态;2从牧区到农区,能源消费结构由单一转向多元化,热效率从16.87%提高到23.93%,人均能耗水平逐渐降低,空间阶梯特征明显;3农牧村家庭能源消费模式是多种因素影响的结果,其中牧区主要受生活方式、家庭规模和宗教支出的影响,农牧交错区主要受家庭规模、家庭年收入、家用电器种类和年均取暖时间的影响,农区主要受人均耕地面积、家庭年收入和家庭规模的影响;4结合农牧村实际情况,建议实施牧民定居工程、增加现代能源供给、鼓励使用新能源设备、推广生物质能高效清洁利用技术、强化农牧民的节能环保意识,在保证农牧民基本能源需求的基础上,尽可能减轻能源消费带来的环境压力。     

西藏高原高寒草甸能量平衡闭合研究

运用OLS线性回归和计算EBR能量平衡比率的方法,以当雄草原站2003~2005年的通量数据为基础,对西藏高寒草原的能量平衡闭合状况进行了研究。研究结果表明,当雄草原站存在着能量不完全闭合的现象,OLS线型回归斜率偏低。生长季能量闭合状况好于非生长季,白天好于夜晚,晴天好于阴天和雨雪天气。随后对能量不闭合的原因进行了初步分析。将潜热通量、显热通量以及土壤热通量的时间提前后,能量闭合程度提高。得出结论,由于热量传输速率的差别,在很大程度上影响了能量的闭合。其他原因如采样的误差与仪器的误差、高频和低频的损失、其他能量项的忽略、平流的损失,也造成了部分能量的不闭合。     

城市湖泊沉积物微塑料污染特征

近年来,出现在环境中的微塑料日益受到重视.本文选择马鞍山市雨山湖和南湖等典型城市湖泊,研究春夏两季沉积物中微塑料的物理形貌特征和时空分布特征,并探究湖泊中微塑料的来源.结果表明,春季沉积物中微塑料平均含量为(0.028 4±0.059 7)g·kg~(-1),平均丰度为(278.9±529.1)n·kg~(-1);夏季微塑料平均含量(0.031 7±0.077 8)g·kg~(-1),平均丰度为(277.1±395.6)n·kg~(-1),利用配对样品T检验法发现春夏两季沉积物中微塑料的含量(N=22,t=-0.269,P=0.791)与丰度(N=22,t=0.035,P=0.973)无明显相关差异性.根据形状将研究区域沉积物中的微塑料分为纤维、薄膜和颗粒这3种类型,相应占比分别为52.9%、 28.9%和18.2%.粒径统计结果表明,绝大部分微塑料的粒径小于1 mm,可占总数量的83.9%,微塑料主要为聚乙烯和聚丙烯且表面严重风化.人流量大、车流量大和水上活动多的区域污染较为严重,揭示了湖泊沉积物微塑料的空间分布与人类活动的密切相关性.大气沉降(纤维类)、地表径流、衣服洗涤(纤维类)、湖内大塑料降解和渔业活动(渔网、发泡类)等为湖泊沉积物中微塑料的主要来源.     

发展西部经济的有效途径之一——开发盐湖资源

西部地区最广泛的资源是盐湖,这是一种极其重要的盐类资源、特异生物资源和旅游资源,大力开发盐湖资源是发展西部经济的有效途径。     

浅水型湖泊蓝藻水华预警监测工作的思考

浅水型湖泊的富营养化进程不断加快,呈现出蓝藻水华暴发现象是逐年增加的。太湖作为长江中下游地区典型的浅水型湖泊更因近年来蓝藻水华频发的态势引起了政府和社会的广泛关注。为确保太湖地区饮水安全,提高政府应对蓝藻水华的能力,对太湖蓝藻水华进行预警监测是判断其发展趋势以及制定相应对策的重要手段。着力分析和总结了太湖蓝藻水华预警监测工作的主要内容,从预警监测工作的统筹、预警监测体系的建立、技术分析、预警监测的启动、分级与评价、预警信息的发布、预警监测的终止到预警监测的保障机制等,以利于同行们更好地应对浅水型湖泊蓝藻水华的发生。     

草地灾害对草地畜牧业发展的影响分析--以西藏那曲地区为例

介绍了雪灾、风害、干旱、鼠虫草害、草地退化、沙化和水土流失等六类主要的草地灾害类型,并分析了其对草地畜牧业发展造成的影响.结果表明：草地灾害给草地畜牧业发展带来极大的负面效应,具体表现在对草地生态与环境的破坏;加剧草地承载压力;制约草地畜牧业的可持续发展等三个方面.