海拔梯度上川西高山土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征

采用三维激发发射矩阵荧光光谱、平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和荧光区域积分方法（FRI）,研究川西高原3200~4000m高寒土壤DOM特征及其在海拔梯度上变化规律.结果表明,高寒土壤DOC含量为0.47~0.81g/kg,随着海拔梯度的升高而呈增加趋势,表层土中含量多高于亚表层土;土壤中DOM组分均呈5个组分,即芳香蛋白类物质I（酪氨酸类,Peak I）、芳香蛋白类物质II（BOD₅,Peak II）、富里酸类（Peak III）、微生物代谢产物（色氨酸类,Peak IV）和腐殖酸类（大分子腐殖酸,Peak V）;高山土壤DOM中以富里酸类有机质和腐殖酸类有机质组分为主,FRI值均随着海拔的升高而降低..川西高山土壤DOM荧光特征参数（荧光指数FI、自生源指数BIX、腐殖化指数HIX、新鲜度指数β：α）表明,土壤DOM的稳定性随着海拔升高而降低,生物有效性随着海拔升高而升高.因此,气候变暖可能将导致高海拔土壤DOM分解加剧而含量降低,但稳定性升高.     

玉龙雪山牦牛坪高山草甸的干扰格局分析

近几年玉龙雪山生态旅游热升温,对该区域生态环境和植被资源的影响日趋显著,研究该区域高山草甸所受干扰对制定该区域的生态保护、可持续发展对策具有重要意义。为明晰人类活动对玉龙雪山高山草甸的影响,选取该区域典型高山草甸分布区域作为研究区,分析其草甸退化格局,通过干扰强度模型量化研究区的干扰格局,并利用方差分解确定不同干扰对高山草甸退化的贡献率。结果表明：（1）放牧干扰主要集中在牲畜饮水点附近,旅游干扰更多作用于景区观景台和寺庙附近,干扰活动分布与路径体系相吻合,游径布设和游客行为扩散模式决定了旅游干扰的格局;（2）草甸退化程度随干扰程度的增加而升高,干扰强度最大的区域与草甸的重度退化区域重合;（3）总体上旅游较放牧对草甸退化的贡献作用更大,但存在空间差异。在玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区,旅游干扰已逐渐取代放牧干扰成为主要干扰因素,且路径体系与旅游干扰格局具有较高的吻合度,对草甸退化格局的影响在逐渐增加。综上,建议选取使用率高的非正式路径修建为正式路径,保护和恢复分布在使用率低的非正式路径旁的植被和土壤,以降低旅游干扰对高山草甸的影响。     

实施环境-水文-生态-经济协同管理战略,保护和修复长江湖泊群生态环境

长江中下游浅水湖泊群具有十分重要的生态服务功能。然而,该湖群正面临江湖阻隔和富营养化等严重威胁。近年来,湖泊生态环境的保护和修复越来越受到重视,但治理效果不甚明显。其根本原因是:对由流域诸多胁迫导致的湖泊问题缺乏系统全面的认识,导致头痛医头、脚痛医脚。为此,本文提出应对长江湖群实施环境-水文-生态-经济协同管理战略,即在湖泊及其流域实施环境工程以控制入湖污染,实施生态水文工程以恢复自然水文体制,实施生态修复工程以增强生物自净能力,制定水环境经济制度以建立湖泊保护修复的激励和约束机制,构建生态健康评价体系以实施适应性管理,前提是责任主体明确。     

南岭箭竹生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

本研究于2018年9～11月采用动态顶空套袋法采样与热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用(TD-GC-MS)分析技术,获得了南岭箭竹排放的20种生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的排放组成特征与排放速率.结果表明,异戊二烯是南岭箭竹排放的最主要的BVOCs,其排放速率((1.36±0.99)x104μgC/(m2·h))远高于单萜烯...     

A PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT LP MODEL CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT A linear programming model to assess the cost-effectiveness of appropriate point and nonpoint phosphorus control measures was constructed for Carnegie Lake, an eutrophic lake located in Mercer County, New Jersey. The resultant model was tested for present and future conditions. Feasible solutions were obtained only after significant relaxation of receiving water quality standards. The high levels of point source treatment required to meet the in-stream water quality standards and the mesotrophic loading conditions suggest that a source control solution may not be feasible.     

建设生态文明的重要举措——《让不堪重负的江河休养生息》述评

让江河湖泊休养生息，就是要实行最为严格的污染物排放总量控制制度，以水环境容量确定发展方式和发展规模；就是要尊重自然规律，充分发挥水生态系统的自我修复能力，逐步改变环境恶化状况；就是要综合运用工程的、技术的、生态的方法，加大治理水环境的力度，促进水生态系统尽快步入良性循环的轨道；就是要充分运用法律、经济和必要的行政手段，既要形成严格排放、合理开发的强大压力，又要形成主动治理水环境的积极动力，用高效的办法解决长期积累的环境问题。     

Patternising phytoplankton dynamics of two shallow lakes in response to restoration measures by applying non-supervised artificial neural networks

Long-term time-series data sets of two shallow Dutch lakes, Lake Veluwemeer and Lake Wolderwijd were subjected to ordination and clustering by means of non-supervised artificial neural networks (ANN). Splitting of the data sets into sub-series corresponding with three different management periods have allowed a comparative analysis of both the short-term seasonal and long-term phytoplankton dynamics in relation to the restoration measures. The lakes were considered as hyper-eutrophic and have been managed both with bottom-up and top-down management approaches. Results of the study have demonstrated that non-supervised ANN allow to elucidate causal relationships of complex ecological processes (1) within the specific genus, Oscillatoria and Scenedesmus and (2) the combination of external nutrient control and in-lake food web manipulation of the two lakes achieved to control eutrophication.     

Fish Stomachs as a Biomonitoring Tool in Studies of Invertebrate Recovery

High mortality rates due to predation from fish may reduce densities of preferred prey animals. Predation may also depress the rate of recovery from environmental stress. In an alpine ecosystem damaged by acidification, we compared three different techniques of monitoring the recovery of two large species of crustaceans, the amphipod Gammarus lacustris and the notostrachan Lepidurus arcticus. The methods used were: (1): benthic littoral kick samples, (2): artificial substrate in the form of jute bags, (3): examination of brown trout stomachs. The monitoring took place in two limed lakes at the Hardangervidda mountain plateau in Central Norway, L. Svartavatn and L. Svartavasstjørni. Brown trout, Salmo trutta, is the only fish species in the lakes. Liming as a water quality improvement measure was started in 1994. All stomach samples were negative with respect to Gammarus and Lepidurus during the period 1987–1998. In 1999, the first records of both species were done in trout stomachs collected from Lake Svartavatnet. In Lake Svartavasstjørni, Lepidurus and Gammarus reappeared in fish stomachs in 2001 and 2002, respectively. During the period of monitoring, no records of these crustaceans were done in benthic samples and on artificial substrate in any of the two lakes. In an unacidified reference site, Lake Skiftesjøen, both benthic samples and the jute bags indicated a dense population of Gammarus. Our results strongly indicate that studies of fish stomachs are the best method for monitoring low-density populations of attractive fish food animals.     

MULTIPURPOSE OPERATION STUDIES OF A CANAL-LAKE-RIVER SYSTEM-OSWEGO RIVER SYSTEM,NEW YORK1

Use of systems analysis techniques for setting up flow regulation rules for the Oswego River System, a canal-river system with eight lakes, was examined. Two sets of lake regulation rules were proposed: the rule curve for each lake, and the lake-use priority curves for all the lakes. The former specifies balanced allocation of the storage in lakes to conservation pools and flood control pools and, the latter determines lakes releases depending upon the type of operation, the time of the year, and systems objectives. A generalized mathematical representation of the complex, multipurpose, multilake river systems operation is described. With appropriate measures of effectiveness and details of analysis, the problem was then solved with simulation and optimization. Use of the results in assisting basin plan formulation is also discussed.     

Trends in Fish Community Structure,Biomass, and Production in Three Algoma,Ontario, Lakes

Long-term (i.e. >10 years) whole community fish dataincluding catch-per-unit-effort, abundance, biomass, andproduction from three lakes were used: 1) to examine variabilityin fish population and community measures among years using wholelake assessments of fish populations derived from mark recaptureexperiments, 2) to assess implications arising from monitoringindividual species vs. the whole fish community, and 3) toascertain whether, in fisheries assessments (science) a commonlyused surrogate measure, [catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)] reflectedannual changes in the fish assemblage, and thus may be a goodestimator of abundance. High, long-term variability was evident in the abundance andbiomass of a fish species in our lakes, yet the communityremained relatively stable in terms of its biomass andproduction. Changes in total fish community biomass appear drivenby large species, which, relative to small fish species, remainstable among years. Among years, species richness remainedstable; however, fish species changed in the community. AnnualCPUE was found to be a suitable surrogate for abundance (N) ofsmall fishes; CPUE x mean weight of the catch (bCPUE) was asuitable surrogate for biomass (B) of large fishes. Prior toconcluding that a change in a fish population has occurred as aresult of a stressor, care must be taken to critically examinethe level of population assessment in order to avoid acceptingpotentially invalid conclusions.