Integrating limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes into the landscape of a natural area

A general conceptual watershed-lake model of the complex interactions among climatic conditions, watershed location and characteristics, lake morphology, and fish predation was used to evaluate limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes. Our main hypothesis was that decreasing elevation in mountainous terrain corresponds to an increase in diversity of watershed size and lake area, depth, temperature, nutrient concentrations, and productivity. A second hypothesis was that watershed location and aspect relative to climatic gradients within mountainous terrain influences the limnological characteristics of the lakes. We evaluated these hypotheses by examining watershed location, aspect and size; lake morphology; water quality; and phytoplankton and zooplankton community characteristics among high mountain forest and subalpine lakes in Mount Rainier National Park. Although many of the comparisons between all forest and subalpine lakes were statistically insignificant, the results revealed trends that were consistent with our hypotheses. The forest lake group included more lakes with larger watersheds, larger surface areas, greater depths, higher concentrations of nutrients, and higher algal biovolumes than did the group of subalpine lakes. Deep lakes, which were mostly of the forest lake type, exhibited thermal stratification and relatively high values of some of the water-quality variables near the lake bottoms. However, the highest near-surface water temperatures and phytoplankton densities and the taxonomic structures of the phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages were more closely related to geographical location, which corresponded to a west-east climate gradient in the park, than to lake type. Some crustacean and rotifer taxa, however, were limited in distribution by lake type. Fish predation did not appear to play an important role in the structure of the crustacean zooplankton communities at the genus level with the exception of Mowich Lake, where crustacean taxa were absent from the zooplankton community. This was the only lake inhabited by a true zooplanktivourous species of fish.     

挺水植物对湖泊水质数值模拟过程的影响

将environmental fluids dynamics code(EFDC)模型和CE-QUAL-ICM模型相结合,建立了内蒙古乌梁素海富营养化模型.在建模过程中,考虑挺水植物分布情况及其密度、高度、直径等形态指标,并将考虑挺水植物影响与未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷模拟过程进行计算、对比、分析.结果表明,考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,而未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值未能反映实测值的变化趋势,可见,湖泊挺水植物的存在对氮磷浓度的迁移转化起着关键的作用.同时,在模拟过程中明显提高了运算效率和模拟精度,表明考虑挺水植物影响的富营养化模型能够较好地反映湖区内某位置氮磷浓度的动态模拟结果,能够为湖泊管理部门提供一定的参考.     

城市富营养化湖泊立体修复系统研究

提出对城市富营养化湖泊进行全方位、多途径的综合治理思路——富营养化湖泊立体修复系统。详细介绍了富营养化湖泊立体修复系统的含义、组成部分及实施步骤。通过实践表明该思路在理论上是合理、可行的。具有投资少、回报大、效果好、不产生二次污染、能带来社会、经济效益等优点,是一种值得推行的城市富营养化湖泊治理思路。治理城市富营养化湖泊是一个长期的过程,需要政府的支持和全民的参与。对城市富营养化湖泊的治理,使得湖泊逐渐恢复生态活力,实现城市湖泊区人与自然的协调发展。同时,引入各方面（地产、环保、能源、园林、旅游）资金的城市湖泊修复建设也为环保企业及产业的发展提供了新的途径。     

引江入湖修复城市内湖方案的初步探索

文章采用引水换水方案,通过对湖北黄石磁湖水和长江水的水质监测,在实验室条件下,采用静态浸泡实验,模拟换水工程,测定水质基本指标的变化情况,探讨了引江入湖修复城市内湖生态环境方案的可行性。结论认为:采用江水湖水比例为1.5∶1,秋冬季节引水较为适宜;考虑磁湖内源污染严重,单纯的引水对湖水水质改善难以发挥最大的环境和经济效益,可以采取有效的内源污染治理方案和引水方案并重对磁湖进行生态修复。     

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake(Argentina):Concentration patterns in different components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 μm planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the 200 μm fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.     

黄河源区高寒沼泽湿地土壤微生物群落结构对不同退化的响应

为研究高寒沼泽湿地退化过程中土壤微生物群落多样性的变化,应用MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析高寒沼泽湿地退化过程中土壤微生物群落多样性以及相关的环境因子.结果表明,高寒沼泽湿地退化改变了土壤微生物在OTUs水平上的物种组成,OTUs种类变化丘间较冻融丘明显,且土壤真菌OTUs种类变化显著;冻融丘和丘间细菌微生物多样性指数大于真菌微生物;不同退化高寒沼泽湿地土壤优势微生物种类相同,细菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和RB41,真菌为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）,除RB41外未退化与重度退化间优势微生物丰度有较大差异（P<0.05）,丘间的优势微生物对不同退化较冻融丘敏感;土壤含水量、有机碳、微生物碳、微生物氮和莎草科的盖度是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要因素.综上所述：高寒沼泽湿地退化导致微生物多样性降低,在湿地恢复中应加强湿地冻融丘和莎草科植物的保护以及土壤水分、有机碳和微生物碳氮的补充.     

基于RUE的不同草地类生态评价研究——以河西走廊为例

选择降水利用效率（RUE）作为评价指标,对河西走廊代表性草地类--温性荒漠、高寒草甸、温性草原进行生态评价研究。通过植被指数提取、降水Co-Kriging插值、图层叠加,得到河西走廊区域2006-2010年的RUE(NDVI)、RUE(PVI)、RUE(TSAVI)数据,并与地上生物量进行相关分析,筛选出适合不同草地类的RUE作为该区域生态评价的指标。结果表明：1）温性荒漠区RUE(PVI)与草地生物量风干重正相关性最高（R²=0.879）,高寒草甸区RUE(NDVI)与草地生物量风干重的正相关性最高（R²=0.876）,温性草原区RUE(TSAVI)与草地生物量风干重的正相关性最高（R²=0.895）。2）温性荒漠区、温性草原区生态均处于退化过程,高寒草甸区处于恢复过程。研究认为选择合适的RUE值可作为不同草地类生态评价指标,并具有理论的可行性和实践的可靠性。     

近35a长江中游大型通江湖泊季节性水情变化规律研究

长江中游自然通江的洞庭湖和鄱阳湖,在长期的季风气候以及江湖交互作用下形成了相对稳定的涨-丰-退-枯季节性水位波动模式。近几十年来,受水利工程及气候变化的双重影响,两湖季节性水情均发生了显著改变。揭示和对比两湖季节性水位波动近年来的变化趋势及强度并分析其形成的可能原因,对于指导两湖地区的湖泊管理与实践,理解长江中游江湖关系演变现状具有重要意义。基于此,以2003年为断点(即1980~2002年与2003~2014年两时段),首先通过湖区多站点水文要素的单因素方差分析揭示两湖各自的季节性水情变化特征;然后通过两湖季节性水情变化状况的对比,分析长江中游大型通江湖泊水情变化的规律及其形成原因。得出的主要结论如下:(1)2003年后,涨水期和枯水期的两湖水情均呈偏枯趋势,且水位降幅均在由上游到中游的过程中扩大,由中游到下游的过程中减小,甚至涨水和枯水期的洞庭湖下游湖区还出现了水位的小幅抬升。(2)2003年后,丰水期和退水期的洞庭湖偏枯趋势呈现不同的空间分异,丰水期的洞庭湖水位下降程度在上、中游湖区更为剧烈,而退水期的水位下降程度在中、下游湖区更为剧烈。与此同时段的鄱阳湖偏枯趋势在丰水期和退水期均在由上游至下游的过程中增加。(3)2003年后的洞庭湖水位降幅在各个季节各个湖区均显著小于位于其下游的鄱阳湖。江湖关系对两湖及其不同湖区的作用方式和强度的差异是造成两湖季节性水情演变差异的主要原因。     

DO WETLANDS BEHAVE LIKE SHALLOW LAKES IN TERMS OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS?1

ABSTRACT: The applicability of empirical relationships governing phosphorus (P) retention and nutrient assimilation in lakes and reservoirs was extended to include free surface water wetland treatment systems. Mixed reactor models have been used in lakes to predict steady state P concentration, characterize trophic state, compare P‐dynamics, and predict permissible P‐loading rates. Applying lake models to free surface water wetlands treatment systems, it was found that: sedimentation rates, loading rates, and settling velocity in these wetlands, and their typology are comparable to their lake counterparts. The analyses also suggest that phosphorus removal efficiency in a free surface water wetland treatment system is independent of trophic status, and similar to lakes, these wetlands can be classified according to their trophic state. Oligo‐and eutrophic wetland treatment systems can be defined by low and high TP inflow concentrations, respectively. In this study, olig‐otrophic status is defined as systems receiving inflow P‐loading less than 0.10 g m^‐2 year‐¹, and their P inputs are mainly derived from agricultural and stormwater runoff. Eutrophic treatment systems, on the other hand, are defined as those receiving inflow P‐loading higher than 0.20 g m² year‐¹, and their inputs are mainly derived from industrial and municipal wastewater. The comparability found between lakes and free surface water wetlands treatment systems raises the question: should we consider these wetlands “shallow lakes?”     

Apportionment of bioavailable phosphorus loads entering Cayuga Lake,New York

The integration of the phosphorus (P) bioavailability concept into a P loading analysis for Cayuga Lake, New York, is documented. Components of the analyses included the: (1) monitoring of particulate P (PP), soluble unreactive P (SUP), and soluble reactive P (SRP), supported by biweekly and runoff event‐based sampling of the lake's four largest tributaries; (2) development of relationships between tributary P concentrations and flow; (3) algal bioavailability assays of PP, SUP, and SRP from primary tributaries and the three largest point sources; and (4) development of P loading estimates to apportion contributions according to individual nonpoint and point sources, and to represent the effects of interannual variations in tributary flows on P loads. Tributary SRP, SUP, and PP are demonstrated to be completely, mostly, and less bioavailable, respectively. The highest mean bioavailability for PP was observed for the stream with the highest agriculture land use. Point source contributions to the total bioavailable P load (BAP_L) are minor (5%), reflecting the benefit of reductions from recent treatment upgrades. The BAP_L represented only about 26% of the total P load, because of the large contribution of the low bioavailable PP component. Most of BAP_L (>70%) is received during high flow intervals. Large interannual variations in tributary flow and coupled BAP_L will tend to mask future responses to changes in individual inputs.