A multi-criteria framework to assess the sustainability of renewable energy development in the Alps

A multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was implemented to assess the best solutions for enhancing the production of renewable energy in the Alps. A set of criteria were selected based on the impacts of four renewable energy sources (forest biomass, hydropower, ground solar photovoltaic and wind power) on the three spheres of sustainability (environmental, social and economic). Three different scenarios are presented, each with a different set of weights for the criteria: the first scenario considers equally all three aspects of sustainability; the second scenario foresees an environmentally-oriented perspective, while the third scenario is more focused on the socio-economic aspects related to the development of renewable energy. Results show that forest biomass and hydropower seem to be the most viable solutions for enhancing the share of renewable energy in the Alps. Ground solar photovoltaic and wind power, on the other hand, seem to be less attractive alternatives due to their high impacts on land use.     

四川阿坝州特色水果产业现状及其发展方向

高山峡谷区是阿坝州生态环境脆弱和人口密度大的区域,特色水果是与该区域环境、资源与气候特点相适应的传统优势产业。近年来,在特色水果新品种引进、基地建设和产业体系建设方面取得了较大的进展,特色水果产业快速发展,已成为该区域生态农业发展、农民增收和产业结构调整的重要支柱产业。对阿坝州特色水果产业发展的现状与目前存在的问题进行了全面的分析,为该产业今后的发展指出了方向。     

Climate Change,Land Use Conflicts,Predation and Ecological Degradation as Challenges for Reindeer Husbandry in Northern Europe: What do We Really Know After Half a Century of Research?

Reindeer grazing has been entitled as ecological keystone in arctic-alpine landscapes. In addition, reindeer husbandry is tightly connected to the identity of the indigenous Sámi people in northern Europe. Nowadays, reindeer husbandry is challenged in several ways, of which pasture degradation, climate change, conflicting land uses and predation are the most important. Research on reindeer-related topics has been conducted for more than half a century and this review illuminates whether or not research is capable to match these challenges. Despite its high quality, traditional reindeer-related research is functionally isolated within the various disciplines. The meshwork of ecology, socio-economy, culture and politics, however, in which reindeer husbandry is embedded by various interactions, will remain unclear and difficult to manage, if actors and relationships are kept separate. We propose some targets for new integrative research approaches that incorporate traditional knowledge and focus on the entire human-ecological system 'reindeer husbandry' to develop solutions for its challenges.     

多年冻土区工程迹地人工恢复区植物和土壤的矿质元素含量特征

选择青藏高原多年冻土区工程迹地的人工恢复植物和紫花针茅草原的优势植物以及对应的土壤样品进行对照,利用原子吸收法分析了它们的矿质元素含量特征。结果表明：多年冻土区工程迹地人工恢复区植物的元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、P和Na,100～1 000 μg/g的元素有Mn、K、Fe、Mg和Al;而对照紫花针茅草原优势植物的元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca和Na,100～1 000 μg/g的元素有P、Mn、K、Fe、Mg和Al。人工恢复区土壤元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、Fe和Mn,100～1000 μg/g的元素有Mg、K、Al、P和Na;对照紫花针茅草原土壤元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、Fe,100～1 000 μg/g的元素有Mn、Mg、Al、K、P和Na。该区域植物和土壤元素含量都属于Ca > K 型。人工恢复植物和对照的紫花针茅草原植物对土壤元素的吸收能力具有较高的相似性。K和Al元素的累积与其他元素没有显著的相关关系,其他元素之间为正相关关系,元素之间的吸收累积属于协同作用,无明显的撷抗作用     

浅析克孜勒苏州草地退化状况

利用3S技术,对克孜勒苏州草地资源现状进行了调查.通过现场实地调查与历史资料比对,查清草地的退化现状及其原因,并提出相应解决草地退化问题的途径.     

青海高寒草甸草地退化的遥感技术调查分析

应用遥感技术探讨了巴颜喀拉山北坡,青海省达日县段退化高寒草甸草地的成因、分布、面积和遥感判译标志,将研究区内高寒草地划分为５个类,２个亚类和３个退化草地型．重点分析了高山草甸草地退化的主要原因和遥感影像特征     

高寒草甸不同土地利用格局土壤CO2的释放量

分析高寒草甸不同土地利用格局下土壤CO₂的释放量大小表明,在植物生长季的5～9月,土壤CO₂释放量大小排序为:金露梅灌丛草甸(1871.40g/m²)＞矮嵩草草甸(1769.63g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(1495.60g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(1191.26g/m²);而在植物非生长季的10月到翌年4月,其土壤CO₂释放量大小与植物生长季略有差异,表现出矮嵩草草甸(661.46g/m²)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(550.90g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(502.50g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(384.50g/m²)的特点;全年内表现为矮嵩草草甸(2431.09g/m²)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(2422.30g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(1880.10g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(1694.06g/m²).高寒草甸地区不同土地利用格局土壤CO₂释放数量的差异及季节变化,不仅与各利用格局的土壤生物活性及土壤物理化学性状有关,而且与气象条件(特别是温度)及其土壤冬季冻结期长短关系极为密切.     

论龙须草的开发价值及在我国的利用现状与展望

龙须草(Eulaliopsis binata)是中国、印度等亚洲少数国家特有的野生资源植物,在我国西南山区极富有开发价值。本文从龙须草的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益诸方面详细论述了龙须草在促进山区人民脱贫致富、解决山区剩余劳动力、缓解造纸原料短缺现状、增加纸张品种与品位、治理水土流失、恢复生态平衡等方面的独特作用;分析了我国开发利用龙须草资源的现状,指出“建立全国性生产、供销、科学研究一体化协作组织”、“开展驯化龙须草为栽培作物的系统研究”、“开展国际学术交流”等为当前龙须草开发与应用急需解决的7大课题。     

青藏高原高寒牧区聚落用地适宜性评价及其重构——以藏北那曲县为例

本文建立了适用于高寒牧区的聚落布局适宜性评价体系,利用自组织神经网络（SOFM）对青藏高原藏北地区那曲县展开聚落布局适宜性评价,并评估其现状聚落布局的合理性,在此基础上提出其聚落未来重构的思路。结果表明:（1）那曲县对于聚落布局的适宜性整体较低,适宜性水平高于一般适宜的区域零散分布在海拔较低、地势低缓的河谷地区,仅占全县面积的12%。其他适宜性较低的区域占全县面积的88%,分布相对集中。不同乡镇对于聚落布局的适宜性差异显著。（2）那曲县现有的聚落空间占全县总面积的0.47%,为7594 hm²,其中分布在一般适宜及以上等级区的面积占聚落总面积的86.47%,而较不适宜、不适宜和禁建区内的聚落占比高达13.53%。那曲县聚落空间布局倾向于较高级别的适宜区,聚落用地适宜性条件较好的乡镇其布局合理性越高。那曲县局部聚落布局不合理的原因包括:缺失空间布局指引、村级行政区划欠佳、藏民对神山的宗教信仰和历史遗存的地域环境认同。（3）聚落的空间重构可推动生态移民、适度“村庄化”等要素的整合来实现。聚落的经济重构要建设由特色产业为基础的村镇系统、充分利用“点—轴”结构的辐射效应等结构要素的重组来实现。聚落的社会重构需要通过合理安排基础设施、增强藏族社会关系组织程度、提倡藏区优秀文化传承等优化功能的措施来实现。     

岷江上游水体中DOM光谱特征的季节变化

川西北高原湿地和高山峡谷区是岷江等河流重要集水区,地表水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)更多受环境背景影响,DOM来源与结构特征对认识流域有机碳输出通量及模式有重要意义.本文对岷江上游在4月(枯水期末)和10月(丰水期末)分别进行沿程地表水采样并测定了DOM三维荧光光谱(EEM),结合平行因子模型(PARAFAC)分析岷江上游水体DOM沿程和季节变化特征.结果表明,DOM荧光峰(类腐殖峰A、C和类蛋白峰B、T)沿程波动趋势和程度不同;枯水期末(4月)A、C峰强而丰水期末(10月)B、T峰强.PARAFAC识别出3个荧光组分,即C1(250~260/380~480 nm,类腐殖质,占比48.68%~65.02%),C2(300~330/380~480 nm,类腐殖质,占比23.17%~29.83%)和C3(270~280/300~350 nm,类蛋白质,占比11.83%~21.53%);枯水期末(4月)组分沿程波动更明显,其中C1沿程波动最显著.荧光指数(FI)均值在1.4~1.9之间,说明不同季节DOM均有内外源混合特征;枯水期末(4月)DOM腐殖化、芳香性和疏水性高,表明DOM陆源贡献更大,而丰水期末(10月)DOM自生源贡献比枯水期更高.CDOM浓度[a(355)]与类腐殖质浓度[Fn(355)]极显著正相关,这也证实岷江上游水体中DOM的陆源输入.C1、C2在枯水期末(4月)相关性极显著而丰水期末(10月)相关性未达到显著性水平,进一步表明岷江上游水体中DOM的外源性及季节性差异.