模拟放牧改变了氮添加作用下高寒草甸生物量的分配模式

高寒草甸是氮素匮乏的生态系统,氮添加和放牧都会显著改变土壤养分的有效性及高寒植物对养分的利用方式,从而影响群落生产力。为了认识氮沉降和放牧干扰对青藏高原高寒草甸的影响,在西藏当雄县高山嵩草草甸开展了氮添加及模拟放牧实验。在模拟放牧样地(G+N)和不放牧样地(NG+N)分别设置4个氮添加处理:0、 10、 20和40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,在生长季采用原位封顶埋管法测定净氮矿化速率,同时分析群落生物量分配与植物氮利用的相互关系。研究表明:氮添加与模拟放牧对植物的分配模式有不同的影响。在无放牧压力下,氮添加主要刺激植物地上部分的生长;在放牧压力下,氮添加更倾向于促进植物地下部分的生长。虽然剪草移走了15%~20%的地上生物量,但由于氮添加促进了植物的补偿生长,模拟放牧与不放牧处理的总生物量无显著差异,甚至前者高于后者。高寒草甸植物生物量分配对氮添加和模拟放牧的响应也体现在土壤供氮潜力的作用模式上,土壤净氮矿化速率在NG+N样地与植物地上生物量呈显著负相关,而在G+N样地与植物地下生物量呈显著负相关。这表明高寒草甸植物可以通过改变自身光合产物的分配模式来响应土壤养分状况和放牧干扰,在有效养分匮乏的高寒草甸添加氮素能够促进植物的补偿性生长。     

Effects of long-term nutrient addition on meso-micro soil arthropod communities in a Stipa baicalensis grassland北大核心CSCD

To analyze the effect of nutrient addition on small- and medium-sized soil arthropod communities in a Stipa Baikal meadow grassland, a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition experiment was designed in the Stipa Baikal meadow grassland at Ewenki Banner, Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia, China in 2010. Changes in the structure and diversity of soil arthropod communities and their relationship with environmental factors were studied. Soil arthropod samples were collected during the forage greening (May), growth (August), and yellowing (end of September) periods in 2019. The results showed that: (1) compared to the control sample, N-added and NP-added samples had higher number of soil arthropods by 1.38 and 1.15 times, respectively, and an increase of 28.57% and 21.43% in the number of soil arthropod groups. The numbers of individual as well as groups of soil arthropods tended to increase with P addition; however, this response did not reach a significant level. (2) The water and heat conditions during the vegetation growth period in the test area were more suitable for the development of soil fauna communities. (3) The redundancy analysis (RDA) results further indicated that the community composition of soil fauna is mainly regulated by pH and plant evenness, and soil pH is particularly important in mediating changes in small- and medium-sized soil fauna communities. This study suggests that long-term nutrient addition has a positive impact on small- and medium-sized soil arthropod communities by changing plant evenness and soil pH, and the contribution of soil pH is greater than that of plant evenness. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Instream Restoration to Improve the Ecohydrologic Function of a Subalpine Meadow: Pre‐implementation Modeling with HEC‐RAS

Vegetation in subalpine meadows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is particularly vulnerable to lowering of groundwater levels because wet meadow vegetation is reliant upon shallow groundwater during the dry summer growing season. These ecosystems are especially vulnerable to channel incision as meadow aquifers are hydrologically connected to tributaries, and many have not yet recovered from previous anthropogenic influences. While instream restoration projects have become a common approach, lack of postrestoration monitoring and communication often result in a trial‐and‐error approach. In this study we demonstrate that preimplementation modeling of possible instream restoration solutions, chosen to raise stream stage and subsequently groundwater levels, is a useful tool for evaluating and comparing potential channel modifications. Modeling allows us to identify strategic locations and specific methods. Results show additional sediment depth and roughness on tributaries along with introduced woody debris (simulated by high roughness) on the Tuolumne River are the most effective means of raising stream stage. Results demonstrate that restoration efforts are most efficient in tributary streams. Managers and planners can more efficiently direct resources while minimizing the potential for negative impacts or failed restoration projects by modeling the possible effects of multiple restoration scenarios before implementation.     

高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤全氮含量变化动态分析

采用凯氏定氮法对高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤全氮进行季节动态测定分析,结果表明:在整个生长季中0～20 cm层土壤全氮质量分数的顺序为:藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(Kobresia-swamp meadow)>露梅灌丛草甸(Dasiphoru fruticosa shrubs)>人工燕麦草地(Avena sativa artficial grassland)>矮嵩草草甸(Kobresia humilis meadow)>矮嵩草退化草地(Kobresia humilis-degraded grassland).原生植被草甸类型下单位面积土壤全氮含量远高于退化草地.藏嵩草沼泽化草甸土壤每平方米的全氮含量最高,达到0.712 kg,金露梅草甸次之,两者之间差异性不显著(p>0.05);其他三种草地类型单位面积土壤全氮含量差异性显著(p<0.05);原生草甸矮嵩草草甸每平方米全氮平均含量为0.406 kg,而退化的矮嵩草草地每平方米全氮平均含量为0.301 kg,可以推算,土地退化导致土壤全氮流失的量为0.105kg,即高寒草地退化导致25.86%氮流失.随着季节的变化,土壤全氮质量分数随生长季均有所增加,最高值都出现在8月份,但各月份之间土壤全氮质量分数变化差异性不显著(p>0.05).原生植被0～10 cm层土壤全氮含量高于10～2O cm层,人工草地与退化草地差异性不显著.     

偏远高山湖泊沉积物中持久性有机污染物的沉积记录研究

持久性有机污染物(POPs)因具有半挥发性,可随大气长距离传输迁移到偏远的高山地区,对当地生态环境造成潜在威胁,因而POPs在这些地区的归趋及行为受到广泛关注.偏远高山地区环境中的POPs主要来源于大气沉降过程,湖芯能较好地保存大气污染物的沉降信息以及年代信息,被称为"天然档案室",常被用于研究污染物的沉降历史和演变规律.本文首先介绍了几种常用于湖芯定年的放射性核素定年方法,然后综述了不同区域高山湖芯中POPs的时空变化趋势以及影响因素,最后针对偏远高山沉积物研究存在的不足对未来研究提出了几点建议.     

离子强度和离子类型对土霉素在草甸土中被吸附的影响

土霉素是四环素类抗生素中使用较为广泛的一种,探索土霉素在土壤中的吸附解吸规律对抗生素环境风险评价与污染控制具有重要的理论与现实意义。通过改变土壤水溶液中离子强度及类型研究其对土霉素在草甸土中吸附的影响,以期为评价该种抗生素对草甸土土壤环境风险提供科学依据。土霉素测定方法选择高效液相色谱法。以V（乙腈）∶V[NaH2PO4（0.01mol·L-1）]=25∶75为流动相,在流速为1 mL·min-1,检测波长为355 nm条件下进行测定。试验以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批平衡法研究不同离子强度（0.01、0.03、0.05、0.08、0.10 mol·L-1CaCl2溶液）和不同阳离子（0.01 mol·L-1的NaCl、KCl、MgCl2溶液）对土霉素在草甸土中的吸附影响。结果表明：随着CaCl2浓度的增加,土霉素在草甸土中的吸附量呈降低趋势,且不同浓度的土霉素在草甸土中吸附量受离子强度的影响是不同的。土霉素浓度较低时,其在草甸土中吸附能力受离子强度影响较土霉素浓度高时小。以土壤吸附系数Kd衡量土壤吸附抗生素能力,当土壤样品中离子强度增大时,其对应Kd值呈非线性趋势减小。这说明,在某一Ca2＋浓度范围内,其对吸附的影响较其他浓度范围要大。对相邻CaCl2浓度处理得出的Kd值进行t检验,在CaCl2溶液浓度在0.01与0.03 mol·L-1间得出的Kd值存在显著性差异（p≤0.05）,在0.03、0.05、0.08、0.10 mol·L-1浓度间得出的Kd值均没有显著性差异（p〉0.05）。这一结果说明当CaCl2溶液浓度在0.01~0.03 mol·L-1时,其对土霉素在草甸土中的吸附影响较其他浓度范围大。以Freundlich方程对NaCl、KCl、MgCl2溶液条件下土霉素在草甸土中的吸附进行拟合,土样lg Kf值为lg Kf（Mg2＋）0.05）。这说明,不同阳离子对土霉素在草甸土上的吸附量（lg Kf）影响的差异并不显著。     

青藏高寒草地植被生产力与生物多样性的经度格局

沿昌都到噶尔县的经度梯度,对西藏典型高寒草地植被生产力与植物多样性开展了1 700 km的野外样带调查。实验结果表明：高寒草地的群落结构特征（地上生物量、地下生物量、盖度和密度）与生物多样性（物种丰富度、物种多样性和物种均匀度）均具有明显的经度分布格局。整体而言,这些特征参数均表现出自西向东沿荒漠草原—典型草原—草甸草原呈逐渐递增的趋势;其经度格局主要受降雨量和平均气温所趋动,但降雨量和平均温度的影响在不同指标间存在较大差异;地上生物量由二者共同决定,而物种丰富度受降雨量的影响更大。西藏高寒草地的物种丰富度与地上生物量间存在显著的幂指数关系（y=0.219 7 x 0.754 9, R²= 0.61, P< 0.01）。上述规律的发现,不仅有利于我们更好地理解高寒草地对未来气候变化的响应机制与适应途径,也将帮助我们合理制定放牧策略以实现该地区高寒草地的可持续发展。     

Impact of Cloud on Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange of Alpine Meadow in Tibetan Plateau

Meteorological elements and CO2 fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO2 fluxes and meteorological data obtained,the relationships among the CO2 fluxes,the cloud amount,and the meteorological factors in alpine meadow ecosystem were explored and analyzed.Some conclusions can be drawn from the discussion with previous researches as following:(1)the cloud amount can affect the net ecosystem CO2 exchange(NEE)of alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau;(2)the soil temperature sensitive to the cloud amount,is a major environmental controlling factor for NEE,and closely relates to the maximum of NEE.In the morning period with large cloud amount,the NEE reaches its maximum when the clearness index ranges from 0.5 to 0.7; yet in the afternoon it comes to the maximum with the index from 0.2 to 0.35.The span of soil temperature covers from 12 to 15℃ as the NEE at its highest;(3)the scatterplots between NEE and photosynthetic available radiation(PAR)was a significant inverse triangle in the clear day,two different kinds of concave curves in the cloudy day,and strongly convergent rectangular hyperbola in the overcast day.These differences were controlled by the changes of light radiation and soil temperature.     

Four Decades of Plant Community Change in the Alpine Tundra of Southwest Yukon,Canada

Repeat measurements from long-term plots provide precise data for studying plant community change. In 2010, we visited a remote location in Yukon, Canada, where a detailed survey of alpine tundra communities was conducted in 1968. Plant community composition was resurveyed on the same four slopes using the same methods as the original study. Species richness and diversity increased significantly over the 42 years and non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated that community composition had also changed significantly. However, the direction and magnitude of change varied with aspect. Dominant species were not replaced or eliminated but, instead, declined in relative importance. Fine-scale changes in vegetation were evident from repeat photography and dendro-ecological analysis of erect shrubs, supporting the community-level analysis. The period of study corresponds to a mean annual temperature increase of 2°C, suggesting that climate warming has influenced these changes.     

草地不同利用方式对高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆那拉提高寒草甸天然草地进行围栏(3、5、30 a)和自由放牧处理,探讨草地不同利用方式对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上生物量逐渐增加;地上生物量的变化趋势为放牧草地围栏3 a草地围栏5 a草地围栏30 a草地。