Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

交变负荷调控法培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用SBR反应器并以进料负荷交替变化为调控方法,探讨了好氧颗粒污泥的培养形成过程及形态理化特性.结果表明,在其它因素固定的情况下,采取进料COD 400、800、1 200 mg/L[即进料负荷0.96、1.92和3.84 kg/(m3.d)]交替运行时,可以在SBR反应器中快速有效地培养出好氧颗粒污泥,达到稳定运行的反应器中MLSS和SVI分别为20~22 g/L和14~16mL/g.完全颗粒化时平均粒径为613.6μm.颗粒表层微生物相主要是球菌,颗粒内层以球菌和杆菌为主.成熟颗粒COD去除效率在95%以上,氨氮去除率稳定在97%.FISH法的分析表明,AOB基本分布在好氧颗粒污泥的表层,NOB除了分布于好氧颗粒污泥的表层外,在内层也有少量NOB.     

海洋环境交变电场变化规律研究

海洋环境电场是探测水中目标的主要干扰源之一.初步探索了海洋环境电场24 h的变化规律.对测试数据进行拟合,可以预测不同时间点上的环境电场强度.通过分析知道,影响环境交变电场的主要因素是工频电场,比较了工频电场剔除前后幅度变化的规律.     

黄河中游(渭南-郑州段)全/多氟烷基化合物的分布及通量

本研究收集黄河中游(渭南—郑州段)表层水样品,利用高效液相色谱质谱串联的方法分析了水相和颗粒相中的28种全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs).结果表明,水相和颗粒相中Σ28PFASs的含量分别为18.4~56.9 ng·L~(-1)和26.8~164ng·g~(-1)(以干重计).水相和颗粒相中以全氟己酸(PFHx A)为主要污染物,分别占总含量的27%和16%,且3H-全氟-3-(3-甲氧基丙氧基)丙酸(ADONA)、氯代多氟醚基磺酸(6∶2和8∶2 Cl-PFESA)在颗粒相均有检出,表明PFASs替代品的生产和使用逐渐增多.PFASs在水相-颗粒相中的lg Kd变化范围为2.95±0.553(PFPe A)~3.85±0.237(8∶2 FTUCA),颗粒物吸附氟调聚羧酸(FTCAs)和不饱和氟调聚羧酸(FTUCAs)的能力随碳链长度的增长而增加,全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)较全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs)更容易被颗粒物吸附.黄河郑州—渭南段PFASs的通量呈现先降低后增加的趋势,表明该河段接纳了来自上游及支流的污染输入.此外,结果表明水相中的PFASs通量大于颗粒相.     

民用燃料烟气中气态污染物及水溶性无机离子的排放

选取北京市地区典型生物质燃料（玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆、草梗、松木、栗树枝、桃树枝）以及民用煤（烟煤、蜂窝煤）在实验室内进行了模拟燃烧实验,采用Thermo Fisher 42i型化学发光NO-NO₂-NOx分析仪、43i型脉冲荧光SO₂分析仪、48i型CO分析仪对烟气中的NO_x、SO₂、CO进行全程在线监测;对燃烧产生的颗粒物样品进行采集,采用ICS 90A、ICS2000离子色谱仪对不同粒径段颗粒物中的水溶性无机离子进行测定.研究表明：3类民用燃料排放因子均值由大到小的顺序,SO₂为民用煤 > 薪柴 > 秸秆;CO为秸秆 > 民用煤 > 薪柴;NO_x为薪柴 > 民用煤 > 秸秆.薪柴燃烧产生的PM_2.5中SO₄^2-含量最高,占总水溶性无机离子的22%~30%;秸秆类燃烧产生PM_2.5中的水溶性无机离子K⁺占绝对优势,占总水溶性无机离子的36%~49%,其次为Cl^-或SO₄^2-,两者之和占总水溶性无机离子的35%~44%.3类民用燃料中秸秆类燃烧排放的颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的排放因子最高,其次为薪柴类燃料,民用煤最低.本实验对不同粒径段颗粒物中9种水溶性无机离子进行了分析（Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺、F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）,薪柴类燃料燃烧排放的颗粒物中,Na⁺、K⁺、NH₄⁺、F^-的排放因子在0~2.5μm粒径段内最大,Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺的排放因子在2.5~10μm粒径段内最大.秸秆类燃料除Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺外,其余离子的排放因子均在0~2.5μm粒径段内达到最大.对于烟煤而言,除了K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺外,其余离子的排放因子均在0~2.5μm粒径段内达到最大;蜂窝煤中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-的排放因子均在0~2.5μm粒径段内达到最大.     

Protecting biodiversity and economic returns in resource-rich tropical forests

In pursuit of socioeconomic development, many countries are expanding oil and mineral extraction into tropical forests. These activities seed access to remote, biologically rich areas, thereby endangering global biodiversity. We examined how protection of biodiversity and economic revenues can be balanced in biologically valuable regions. Using spatial data on oil profits and predicted species and ecosystem extents, we optimized the protection of 741 terrestrial species and 20 ecosystems of the Ecuadorian Amazon across a range of opportunity costs (i.e., sacrifices of extractive profit). We also applied spatial statistics to remotely sensed, historic deforestation data to focus the optimization on areas most threatened by imminent forest loss. Giving up 5% of a year's oil profits (US$221 million) allowed for a protected area network that retained an average of 65% of the extent of each species and ecosystem. This performance far exceeded that of the network produced by simple optimization for land area (which required a sacrifice of approximately 40% of annual oil profits [US$1.7 billion]) and used only marginally less land to achieve equivalent levels of ecological protection. We identified what we call emergency conservation targets: regions that are essential components of a cost-effective conservation reserve network but at imminent risk of destruction, thus requiring urgent and effective protection. Governments can use our methods when evaluating extractive-led development options to responsibly manage the associated ecological and economic trade-offs and protect natural capital.     

基于摩拜骑行数据的上海市共享单车减排效益时空分析

移动互联网环境下的共享单车能够有效减少机动化出行,可在一定成程度上缓解当下交通污染、气候变化等问题,具有显著的减排效益.本研究基于上海市摩拜单车的骑行数据,结合精细化的交通方式排放因子及共享单车替代率调查数据,计算共享单车与其替代交通方式相比所减少的温室气体排放和污染物排放,并分析共享单车减排效益的时空分布特征.结果表明：2016年上海市共享单车的CO₂、CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5和PM₁₀减排量分别为6322、74、8.57、6.33、0.32、0.48 t;在时间上具有典型的峰谷现象,其中,早晚高峰贡献了约45%的减排量;在空间上主要分布于中心城区,其中,南京东路街道单位面积减排量最高.因此,上海市共享单车的减排效益主要产生于早晚通勤交通与人口集聚的地区.为了提高共享单车的减排效益,政府和运营者需要在未来继续扩大共享单车的覆盖范围,增加在郊区的投放数量,鼓励更多外围居民使用共享单车.     

Conserving alpha and beta diversity in wood-production landscapes

International demand for wood and other forest products continues to grow rapidly, and uncertainties remain about how animal communities will respond to intensifying resource extraction associated with woody bioenergy production. We examined changes in alpha and beta diversity of bats, bees, birds, and reptiles across wood production landscapes in the southeastern United States, a biodiversity hotspot that is one of the principal sources of woody biomass globally. We sampled across a spatial gradient of paired forest land-uses (representing pre and postharvest) that allowed us to evaluate biological community changes resulting from several types of biomass harvest. Short-rotation practices and residue removal following clearcuts were associated with reduced alpha diversity (−14.1 and −13.9 species, respectively) and lower beta diversity (i.e., Jaccard dissimilarity) between land-use pairs (0.46 and 0.50, respectively), whereas midrotation thinning increased alpha (+3.5 species) and beta diversity (0.59). Over the course of a stand rotation in a single location, biomass harvesting generally led to less biodiversity. Cross-taxa responses to resource extraction were poorly predicted by alpha diversity: correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were highly variable (−0.2 to 0.4) with large uncertainties. In contrast, beta diversity patterns were highly consistent and predictable across taxa, where correlations in responses between taxonomic groups were all positive (0.05–0.4) with more narrow uncertainties. Beta diversity may, therefore, be a more reliable and information-rich indicator than alpha diversity in understanding animal community response to landscape change. Patterns in beta diversity were primarily driven by turnover instead of species loss or gain, indicating that wood extraction generates habitats that support different biological communities.