生物质成型燃料锅炉挥发性有机物排放特征

以5台燃成型生物质燃料锅炉为研究对象,基于预浓缩-GC-MS/FID的测量方法,对成型生物质燃烧产生的烟气进行了挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究,同时还测定颗粒物、NO_x、SO_2和汞及其化合物的排放浓度.结果表明,5台锅炉所排放的SO_2和汞及其化合物均低于排放标准要求,而氮氧化物和颗粒物的排放存在高于国标排放限值现象.56种VOCs总质量浓度在(872.43±293.80)~(6 929.66±1 137.25)μg·m~(-3)之间,影响因素分析表明VOCs浓度与炉膛中心温度及负荷有较强负相关性.VOCs的排放中烯烃占比最大,达41%~59%,其次是烷烃和芳香烃,分别为27%~49%和6%~18%.烯烃的排放以乙烯、1-丁烯、顺-2-丁烯和1-己烯为主,烷烃以正己烷、异戊烷和环戊烷为主,芳香烃则以苯和甲苯为主.臭氧生成潜势采用最大增量反应活性法进行分析,5台锅炉的臭氧生成潜势贡献主要来自于烯烃,高达76%~90%,而烷烃也可占6%~19%.     

Assessing geobiosphere work of generating global reserves of coal, crude oil, and natural gas

A teacher of ours used to say, “Like ice in a fire, something for nothing you will never acquire”, which is a poetic equivalent of “there is no such a thing as a free lunch”. Human economies are dependent on high quality fossil fuels and will likely continue depending on them for some time to come. Value of a resource is not only what one pays for it, or what can be extracted from it, but also value can be attributed to the “effort” required in its production. In this analysis we apply the emergy synthesis method to evaluate the work invested by the geobiosphere to generate the global storages of fossil energy resources. The upgrading of raw resources to secondary fuels is also evaluated. The analysis relies on published estimates of historic, global net primary production (NPP) on land and oceans, published preservation and conversion factors of organic matter, and assessments of the present total global storages of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Results show that the production of coal resources over geologic time required between 6.63E4 (±0.51E4) seJ/J and 9.71E4 (±0.79E4) seJ/J, while, oil and natural gas resources required about 1.48E5 (±0.07 E5) seJ/J and 1.70E5 (±0.06E5) seJ/J, respectively. These values are between 1.5 and 2.5 times larger than previous estimates and acknowledge a far greater power of fossil fuels in driving and shaping modern society.     

Classification of the Substances on the Basis of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (ATC)

The acute-toxic-class method (ATC) is an alternative to the classical LD₅₀ test. Four substances were tested with an ATC testing procedure. The results were compared with LD₅₀ data obtained from the literature. Great importance was attached to the observations of toxic signs following administration. The results of this study have shown that the ATC method allows allocation to toxicity classes in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD₅₀ tests. The ATC method uses fewer animals and yields the same information on toxic signs. Introducing the ATC method into the quality system allows estimating the acute oral toxicity of chemicals according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD; OECD, 1992, 1996).     

富营养浅水湖泊的退化与生态恢复

初步讨论了富营养浅水湖泊的退化现象的造成退化的主要原因，对湖泊生态恢复的目标和对策等问题也作了探讨，以武汉东湖为例，提出以水源保护地为主要功能的富营养浅水胡泊的恢复和整体优化对策，即恢复沉水植被、建立控制面源污染的半自然的人工湿地生态系统，优化水产养殖结构和恢复湖泊生物多样性等。对生物操纵在长江中下游富营养浅水湖泊恢复中的作用也进行了讨论。     

Reaction kinetic model for a recent co-produced water treatment technology

With the increasing demand for fossil based energy and implementation of progressively strict environmental pollution control standards, treatment of a large amount of co-produced waters (CPWs) from fossil based energy production has become increasingly important. Removal of bicarbonate with H2SO4 has been recently studied as a simple and cost-e ective method to decrease the alkalinity of CPWs. The present work investigates the kinetics of the reaction between H2SO4 and NaHCO3, which could provide the base for scaling-up the CPW treatment technology. Based on the measured quantity change of the CO2 gas generated from the reaction between H2SO4 and NaHCO3 with time under specified initial reaction conditions, the reaction orders with respect to H2SO4 and NaHCO3 were determined. Experiments were also conducted within the temperature of 15–30°C to find various global rate coe cients of the reaction to calculate the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the empirical Arrhenius form of the bicarbonate removal reaction, which are 197.7 kJ/mol and 3.13 1034 (mol??3:7 L3:7 sec??1), respectively.     

海洋干湿交替环境下电偶腐蚀及其研究方法进展

主要分析了海洋干湿交替环境下干湿比、间浸频率、盐分浓缩、腐蚀产物等因素对电偶腐蚀的影响。简单介绍了电偶腐蚀研究方法如浸泡法、电化学实验法,以及近年来电偶腐蚀研究新技术,指出电偶腐蚀研究中面临的问题并对今后电偶腐蚀研究方向进行展望。     

Spreading the News on Carbon Capture and Storage: A State-Level Comparison of US Media

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has received abundant federal support in the USA as an energy technology to mitigate climate change, yet its position within the energy system remains uncertain. Because media play a significant role in shaping public conversations about science and technology, we analyzed media portrayal of CCS in newspapers from four strategically selected states. We grounded the analysis in Luhmann's theory of social functions, operationalized through the socio-political evaluation of energy deployment (SPEED) framework. Coverage emphasized economic, political/legal, and technical functions and focused on benefits, rather than risks of adoption. Although news coverage connected CCS with climate change, the connection was constrained by political/legal functions. Media responses to this constraint indicate how communication across multiple social functions may influence deployment of energy technologies.     

Green financing,interrupted. Potential directions for sustainable finance in Luxembourg

ABSTRACT

This paper has a quintessentially explorative character. It aims at identifying existing as well as potential (yet missing) links between the finance industry and local businesses that aspire to more sustainable economic practices. Building on the observation that green investments have been gaining weight in global investors’ strategies, we analyse how sustainable – in the most comprehensive sense of the word – green investments could ultimately be(come), when green assets are still managed according to the logic of “financialised finance”. This latter’s technologies of commodification, securitisation and derivatives-trading allegedly oppose alternative economic practices that pursue economic sustainability through social and environmental gains. In contrast, we investigate how the finance industry relates to alternative financial practices, products and organisations that offer sustainability-oriented financing services, – for example, regional banks, cooperatives and the like, – with a specific focus on green, social and solidarity businesses. Both approaches subscribe to apparently contradictory ideologies. We establish a beneficial dialogue between the opposing models of “green capitalism” and “alternative economies” so as to identify potential points of intersection. The context of Luxembourg’s local/regional economies provides a great opportunity to empirically access three levels of investigation: the private sector, the public sector and an international financial centre, a key facilitator for green finance, thus utilising insights from the concept of bricolage. Whilst supporters of Luxembourg’s emerging green finance profile recognise its positive impact on the small country’s national branding, in combination with economic stimuli, more critical commentators point to pure “green washing” effects.     

A low pressure direct gas injection system for a four stroke LPG: Diesel dual fuel engine

Internal combustion engines running on gaseous fuels produce low torque because the inducted gaseous fuel displaces air and reduces the volumetric efficiency. This can be overcome by injecting the gaseous fuel directly into the cylinder after the intake of air is completed. This work is a step in developing and demonstrating a cost effective system, as such systems are not readily available for small applications. A low-pressure gas injector was mounted on the cylinder barrel of a fully instrumented dual fuel engine. Its location is such that the injector will be exposed to the cylinder gases about 65.5 degrees before bottom dead center, where the cylinder pressure and temperature will be relatively low. An electronic controller was also developed to time the injection process to occur after the intake valve closes and also to control the duration of injection (quantity). Experiments were conducted with LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) as the primary fuel that was injected with this new system and diesel as the pilot fuel at the rated speed of 1500 rpm with different amounts of LPG at 80% and 100% load. Comparisons of performance, combustion and emissions with the conventional manifold injection of LPG were done. The system allowed greater amounts of LPG to be used without knock as compared to manifold injection. On the whole the developed system has potential for application in small dual fuel and spark ignited gas engines and can be taken up for further optimization.     

农户对替代生计的选择及其影响因素分析——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

论文通过实地调查获得研究数据,分析了农区、 半农半牧区、 纯牧区农户替代生计选择的结果及特征,采用Logistic回归模型对影响农户替代生计选择意愿的因素进行分析。研究得出:①在替代生计的选择上,纯牧区农户主要选择特色产品加工、 做生意、 现代畜牧业,农区和半农半牧区农户主要选择做生意、 外出打工和旅游服务业;②农户对替代生计的选择表现出生计路径依赖性、 区域差异性和多样性特征;③农户对替代生计的选择偏好受生计资本的影响,自然资本、 社会资本、 家庭整体劳动能力、 家庭整体受教育水平、 家庭拥有的牲畜数量、 户主的学历和年龄分别对不同替代生计的选择影响显著。地方政府应深入了解农户选择替代生计的特点和影响因素,根据不同家庭的情况设计相应的转型政策促进农户尽快提高生计能力。