Annual nonmethane hydrocarbon trends in Beijing from 2000 to 2019

High loads of ground-level ozone have occurred with the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. However, the long temporal variation in precursor nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) has rarely been studied. In this study, we examined the evolution of NMHCs in Beijing based on ambient measurements from 2000 to 2019. The results indicated that the annual variation of ambient NMHCs during 2000 and 2019 could be divided into two stages. The mixing ratios of NMHCs rapidly r...     

The relationship between diversity profiles,evenness and species richness based on partial ordering

Problems with the notion of evenness, such as ambiguity, proliferation of indices, choice of indices, etc. can be overcome by a more fundamental, mathematical approach. We show that the Lorenz curve is an adequate representation of evenness. The corresponding Lorenz order induces a partial order in the set of equivalent abundance vectors. Also diversity can adequately be studied through a partial order and represented by a curve derived from the classical Lorenz curve. This curve is known as the intrinsic diversity profile (or k-dominance curve) and was introduced by Patil and Taillie (1979) and Lambshead et al. (1981).     

土地利用方式和施肥管理对黑土物理性质的影响

为了探讨东北黑土区土壤水分的调控能力及其影响因素以及土壤水分对降水和不同植被覆盖的响应,以海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内的长期定位试验为基础,利用中子水分仪测定土壤体积含水量,研究裸地、休闲地以及包括单施有机肥、化肥+秸秆还田、单施化肥和不施肥4种处理的农田耕层土壤物理性质和土壤水分动态.结果表明:与休闲地相比,农田土壤容重增加7.47％,而孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量均呈降低趋势,分别下降2.59、6.04和1.90百分点;肥料的施入尤其是施用有机肥和秸秆还田能够改善土壤物理性质;裸地土壤物理性质最差.由于植被耗水量较大,农田和休闲地土壤剖面年平均体积含水量显著低于裸地,施用化肥和秸秆还田可显著降低农田土壤剖面年平均体积含水量.各处理土壤剖面水分变异系数均随土壤深度的增加(0～70 cm深处)而呈先减小后增加趋势.由于植被生长的耗水作用,休闲地和农田土壤水分变化比裸地强烈,秸秆还田加剧了农田土壤水分的变异.土壤储水量的动态变化与降水量之间存在明显相关性,不同土地利用方式和施肥管理对浅层土壤储水量的影响较大,但随着土壤深度的增加,各处理对土壤储水量的影响越来越不明显.     

北京市二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的日变化规律

二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)是大气细粒子(PM_(2.5))的重要组成部分.研究实际大气SOA生成潜势的日变化规律对于认知SOA生成转化机制及其对大气细粒子污染的影响具有重要意义.首次使用氧化流动管反应器(oxidation flow reactor,OFR)研究了北京夏季城市大气SOA生成潜势的日变化规律,利用高浓度的羟基自由基(·OH)氧化进入反应器内的环境空气,直接测定SOA的生成潜势.结果表明,一天内,SOA生成潜势的小时均值在3.9~9.4μg·m~(-3)范围内变化,呈现夜间高白天低的趋势,在16:00左右达到最低.SOA生成潜势和甲苯等城市典型挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)变化趋势一致,而和臭氧浓度反相关.实验结果表明,除了边界层高度变化影响污染物浓度进而影响SOA生成潜势以外,夏季白天强烈的光化学反应导致环境大气VOCs的消耗,对降低环境气体白天的SOA生成潜势值也有重要影响.同国外同类研究相比,北京环境大气由于具有更高的VOCs浓度,其SOA生成潜势要明显高于其他地区,可能对北京地区细颗粒物污染具有重要贡献.     

成都市冬季大气消光系数及其组成的特征研究

由于气溶胶吸湿增长的复杂性和不确定性,大气消光的演化机理至今尚不十分清晰.为此,利用成都市2017年12月浊度仪和黑碳仪的逐时观测资料,结合同时次的环境气象监测数据,系统研究了该区域冬季对应550 nm大气消光系数及其组成的特征.结果表明:①观测期间大气消光系数为(1173.42±641.21) Mm~(-1),其中"干"气溶胶散射系数、"干"气溶胶吸收系数、干洁大气散射系数、气态污染物吸收系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数对其平均贡献率分别是53.02%、6.54%、1.50%、1.65%和37.29%.②大气消光系数、"干"气溶胶散射系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数的日变化为"单峰单谷型",而"干"气溶胶吸收系数和气态污染物吸收系数的日变化则分别表现为"单谷型"和"双峰双谷型".③明确了单位质量大气消光系数及其组成随相对湿度的变化特征,并就其各自成因进行了分析.     

石家庄市大气污染物的季节性时空特征及潜在源区

为系统研究石家庄市季节性典型污染物的重污染传输特征,基于2018年12月~2019年11月46个环境监测站（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、NO₂、SO₂和CO）及17个气象站（温度、湿度和风速）的小时监测数据,利用插值（IDW）和相关方法,分析污染物的季节性时空特征;并结合GDAS数据,采用后向轨迹方法,研究污染物的季度传输格局和潜在源区.结果表明：①不同季节具有典型的污染物,季节性典型污染物和污染率依次为：春季（PM₁₀,48.91%）、夏季（O₃,81.97%）、秋季（PM₁₀和PM_2.5,47.54%和32.79%）和冬季（PM_2.5,74.44%）,其与气象条件变化有显著联系;②春季PM₁₀与风速呈负相关,呈西北高、东南低的空间格局,主要传输方向为南向（53.32%）,潜在源区（WPCWT_ij≥160 μg ·m^-3）为河北（冀）中南、河南（豫）中北及山西（晋）中部,且山东（鲁）西和陕西（陕）西北部的传输也会贡献（WPSCF_ij≥0.3）市域的PM₁₀浓度;③夏季O₃与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,传输通道方向为东南-南向（54.24%）,其潜在源区呈以石家庄市为中心,沧州和菏泽为两翼的新月形区域;④秋季和冬季PM_2.5与湿度呈正相关,冬季呈西低、东高态势分布,输送方向为：秋季（东北-东南,74.75%）,冬季（西北,55.47%）,主要污染源区（WPCWT_ij≥180 μg ·m^-3）集中在冀中南、豫北和晋中西部.     

粤港澳大湾区NO2污染的时空特征及影响因素分析

利用Aura卫星搭载的臭氧观测仪（OMI）反演的对流层NO₂柱密度数据,分析了自2005年以来粤港澳大湾区（GBA）对流层NO₂柱密度的空间分布特征、时间变化趋势及其影响因素.研究结果表明GBA对流层NO₂柱密度从2005~2018年呈减少的趋势,每年递减约为2.8%.小波系数显示时间演化过程中存在9个月的主振荡周期,冬季浓度较高,夏季较低.人为排放和各种自然因素,导致了GBA对流层NO₂柱浓度月变化在时间和空间上存在明显差异,最小值和最大值分别出现在6和12月,多年平均值分别为3.9665×10¹⁵和12.3423×10¹⁵molec/cm².NO₂在空间分布上呈现明显的空间分异特征,冬季12月最明显.NO₂污染严重的高值区主要出现在中部地区,如广州市、佛山市和中山市,最大的对流层NO₂柱密度可达18.8306×10¹⁵molec/cm²,大约是周边地区的3 倍,且高污染区域向四周逐渐扩散,连成一片.低值区主要在北部的肇庆市和东部的惠州市,多年平均的对流层NO₂柱密度约为7.1400×10¹⁵molec/cm².对流层NO₂柱密度的增长率在不同区域的变化趋势呈现明显的差异,变化范围为-15×10¹⁵~6×10¹⁵molec/cm²,增长率百分比范围为-65%~65%.出现增长的地区主要是肇庆市北部和惠州市东部的低值区;对流层NO₂出现明显减少的区域集中在中部的高值区,减少量最大的地区为广州市、佛山市和中山市交界处.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析

2015年在苏州市城区采集大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共87套,用重量法分析了PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,离子色谱法分析了颗粒物中F-、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+),共9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,苏州市PM_(2.5)的年均质量浓度为(74.26±38.01)μg·m-3,其季节特征为冬季春季秋季夏季;9种水溶性离子的总质量浓度为(43.95±23.60)μg·m~(-3),各离子的浓度高低顺序为NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)F-Mg~(2+);SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者的简称)是最主要的水溶性离子;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者之间具有显著的相关性,它们在PM_(2.5)中主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4的结合方式存在.苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要来源包括工业源、燃烧源、二次过程和建筑土壤尘等.     

An analysis on spatial variation of urban human thermal comfort in Hangzhou, China

Urban human thermal comfort (UHTC) is affected for interacting of weather condition and underlying surface framework of urban area. Urban underlying surface temperature value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) were calculated using image interpreting and supervised classification technique by ERDAS IMAGE software using 1991 and 1999 Landsat TM images data. Reference to the relational standard of assessing human thermal comfort and other meteorology data of Hangzhou City in summer, air temperature and relative humidity variation of different land types of underlying surface were inversed. By choosing discomfort index as an indictor, the spatial distribution characteristic and the spatial variation degree of UHTC were estimated and mapped on a middle scale, that is, in six districts of Hangzhou. The main characteristics of UHTC spatial variation from 1991 to 1999 were revealed using a GIS-based calculation model. The variation mechanism were analyzed and discussed from the viewooint of citv olannino, construction and environmental orotection.