基于灰色模糊理论的流域水电规划环境影响综合评价

结合模糊优选理论和灰色关联分析方法，提出灰色模糊综合评价法，该方法将灰色关联分析作为优属度确定的隶属度计算方法；提出理想环境序列建立遵循的原则，引入梯形模糊数实现定性指标量化并采用变异系数法确定评价指标权重。应用灰色模糊综合评价法对黄河流域河段水电规划的高坝方案和多级开发方案进行了比选研究，计算了两个方案的优属度及其开发性因子、稳定性因子、保护性因子、经济活力因子、社会可接受因子、环境风险因子等6个指标层优属度，结果表明，多级开发方案总体优于高坝方案；多级开发方案的保护性远好于高坝开发方案，而高坝方案的开发性略好于多级开发方案，稳定性、经济活力、社会可接受、环境风险等因子两种方案比较接近。评价结果与流域实际情况比较符合，证明该方法是一种有效的方法。     

Variations in the chemical properties of landfill leachate

Landfill leachates were collected and their chemical properties analyzed once every two months over a ten-month period from the Gin Drinkers' Bay (GDB) and Junk Bay (JB) landfills. The contents of solids, and inorganic and organic components fluctuated considerably with time. In general, the chemical properties of the two leachates correlated negatively (P<0.05) with the amounts of rainfall prior to the sampling periods. However, magnesium and pH of the leachates remained relatively constant with respect to sampling time. The JB leachate contained higher average contents of solids and inorganic and organic matter than those of GDB with the exception of trace metals. Trace metals were present in the two leachates in trace quantities (<1.0 mg/liter). The concentrations of average ammoniacal nitrogen were 1040 and 549 mg/liter, while chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were 767 and 695 mg/liter for JB and GDB leachates, respectively. These results suggest that the leachates need further treatment before they can be discharged to the coastal waters.     

慕士塔格山和公格尔山的现代冰川

本文论述了慕士塔格山和公格尔山现代冰川发育的自然条件,冰川物理特征及冰川进退变化情况,对了解帕米尔东缘山区冰川资源及其变化提供了依据。     

北疆250年地表水资源变化特征及未来趋势预测

本文从北疆年轮场重建了北疆２５０年的地表水资源，探讨气候－地表水资源－年轮之间的关系，分析地表水资源的长期变化特征，预测其变化趋势，为北疆地表水资源的研究与利用提供了新的参考依据。     

广东沿海牡蛎Cd含量的地理分布和时间变化

１９８９￣１９９３年对广东沿岸海域１４个观察站的牡蛎Ｃｄ含量进行了监测。结果表明，广东沿海牡蛎Ｃｄ含量存在着明显的地理差异，牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的地理分布基本上如实地反映了广东沿岸海域环境中Ｃｄ的地理分布状况；牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的季节变化明显，高值出现在秋季，低值出现在春季，牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的季节变化在很大程度上受控于牡蛎自身的生物条件；个别观察站牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的年际变化较大，但就整个广东沿海来说牡蛎Ｃｄ含量的年限变     

梅园昆虫群落的时间结构及动态

采用物种多样性、均匀性、优势度指标测定梅园昆虫群落的时间结构变化.结果表明,梅园昆虫群落物种数、多样性指数、均匀性指数随季节推移而增加,优势种群也随季节而变化.主成分分析表明,食叶性昆虫及刺吸性昆虫在群落中具有重要作用,刺吸性昆虫与捕食性昆虫发生发展趋势相同;根据群落的相似系数进行聚类和排序分析发现,9月、10月、11月和12月份的昆虫群落最为相似,其次是4月、5月、6月和7月份昆虫群落,再者3月份的昆虫群落,最后是8月份的昆虫大群落.图3表3参17     

Conserving Slow-Growing, Long-Lived Tree Species: Input from the Demography of a Rare Understory Conifer, Taxus floridana

Abstract:  Although land preservation and promotion of successful regeneration are important conservation actions, their ability to increase population growth rates of slow-growing, long-lived trees is limited. We investigated the demography of Taxus floridana Nutt., a rare understory conifer, in three populations in different ravine forests spanning its entire geographic range along the Apalachicola River Bluffs in northern Florida (U.S.A.). We examined spatial and temporal patterns in demographic parameters and projected population growth rates by using four years of data on the recruitment and survival of seedlings and established stems, and on diameter growth from cross-sections of dead stems. All populations experienced a roughly 10-fold increase in seedling recruitment in 1996 compared with other years. The fates of seedlings and stems between 8 and 16 mm differed among populations. The fates of stems in two other size classes (the 2- to 4-mm class and the 4- to 8-mm class) differed among both populations and years. Individual stems in all populations exhibited similarly slow growth rates. Stochastic matrix models projected declines in all populations. Stochastic matrix analysis revealed the high elasticity of a measure of stochastic population growth rate to perturbations in the stasis of large reproductive stems for all populations. Additional analyses also indicated that occasional episodes of high recruitment do not greatly affect population growth rates. Conservation efforts directed at long-lived, slow-growing rare plants like Taxus floridana should both protect established reproductive individuals and further enhance survival of individuals in other life-history stages, such as juveniles, that often do not appear to contribute greatly to population growth rates.     

太湖流域近地表大气二氧化碳本底体积分数观测研究

基于2003年1月至2005年6月用气相色谱法对太湖流域近地表大气中二氧化碳本底体积分数的监测资料,对太湖流域近地表大气二氧化碳体积分数的变化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:在观测时段内,太湖流域近地表大气二氧化碳体积分数平均值为(413.7±19.2)×10-6,且呈上升的趋势,主要受人类活动、工农业生产和交通运输业发展的影响;二氧化碳体积分数季节变化明显,冬春季高,夏秋季低,冬季出现峰值,平均体积分数为(417.8±3.7)×10-6,夏季出现谷值,平均体积分数为(400.8±14.7)×10-6,一年中最高值(424.0±1.1)×10-6出现在12月份,最低值(387.7±1.4)×10-6出现在8月份,主要受源汇强度变化影响;二氧化碳体积分数日变化基本呈双峰态,这是源汇强度变化和边界层稳定程度相互作用的结果。     

人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果与动态特征

通过对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统1999年1月至2004年12月间监测数据进行分析,确定系统的处理效果及有机污染物去除效果的动态特征。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD5均有很好的去除效果,出水质量浓度分别为27.6±6.6、90.0±12.5和22.7±4.3 mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、63.8%和72.5%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水质量浓度分别为11.2±2.7和2.03±0.29 mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、COD的去除效果和季节变化有一定关系,每年的4—7月BOD5去除效果最佳,1月和12月去除效果最差。COD的去除效果每年6月和7月最高,1月和12月最低。分析BOD5、COD和SS去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5和COD年平均去除率从1999年到2004年有增加的趋势。