Long series relationships between global interannual CO2 increment and climate: evidence for stability and change in role of the tropical and boreal-temperate zones

Interannual variability in global CO₂ increment (averaged from the Mauna Loa and South Pole Stations) shows certain strong spatial relationships to both tropical and temperate temperatures. There is a fairly strong positive year-round correlation between tropical mean annual temperatures (leading by 4 months) and annual CO₂ throughout the time series since 1960, agreeing with the generally held view that the tropics play a major role in determining inter-annual variability in CO₂ increment, with a major CO₂ pulse following a warm year in the tropics. This ‘almost no lag’ climatic response is very strong during winter and relatively stable in time. However, the correlation with tropical temperature appears to have weakened in the first years of the 1990s in correspondence of the Pinatubo eruption and the positive phase of the AO/NAO. A secondary concurrent temperature signal is linked to summer variations of north temperate belt. Northern summer temperatures in the region 30–60 °N—and especially in the land area corresponding to the central east USA—have become relatively more closely correlated with CO₂ increment. This trend has become increasingly stronger in recent years, suggesting an increasing role for growing season processes in the northern midlatitudes in affecting global CO₂ increment. Once non-lagged annual tropical temperature variations are accounted for, terrestrial ecosystems, especially the temperate-boreal biomes, also show a coherent large scale lagged response. This involves an inverse response to annual temperature of preceding years centered at around 2 years before. This lagged response is most likely linked to internal biogeochemical cycles, in particular N cycling. During the study period north boreal ecosystems show a strengthening of the lagged correlation with temperature in recent years, while the lagged correlation with areas of tropical ecosystems has weakened. Residuals from a multiple correlations based on these climatic signals are directly correlated with SO, confirming an additional important role of upwelling in interannual variability of CO₂ increment. Cooler summers following the Pinatubo eruption and the possible influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO/AO) are discussed as factors responsible for the shift in the relative importance of different regions over time during the series of data.     

北京城市大气甲烷自动连续观测与结果分析

本文提出了自动连续监测北京城市背景下大气温室气体的方法 ,报道了 2 0 0 0年监测得到的CH4 日变化和总的变化趋势。对高密度观测获得的数据分析发现 ,北京大气CH4 的日变化呈现单周期正弦变化 ,平均浓度极大值 1.60 μg/L出现在凌晨 5 :0 0— 6:0 0 ,极低值 1.40 μg/L出现在午后 14:0 0— 15 :0 0 ,其原因很大程度上受制于光化学汇的日变化。通过研究不同季节、不同天气情况下CH4 的日变化规律发现 ,北京显然是CH4 的排放源 ,在强风条件下得到接近华北地区本底值的浓度。日变化季节差异反映了城市背景下大气CH4 的浓度主要受到汇的调制和人类活动的影响。同时 ,虽然北京大气CH4 浓度季变化仍呈双峰模态 ,但冬季峰值明显低于夏季 ,显示北京大气治理取得成效 ,人为源强度变小     

Temporal variability of bioavailable Cd,Hg, Zn,Mn and Al in an upwelling regime

Monthly variability of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn and Al concentrations in mussels (Mytilus californianus) soft tissue and brown seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) was studied at a pristine rocky shore off San Quintin Bay, Baja California, México. The results were related to climatic and hydrographic conditions and to the physiological state of the mussels (condition index) by correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). A "normalization" to account for the variability induced by the physiological state of the mussel was performed. The PCA was performed in two ways to relate the environmental variables and the condition index to: (1) the metal concentrations in mussels, and (2) the "normalized" mussel concentrations. The association of the variability of Cd with the upwelling season was revealed in both PCAs. The temporal variability of this metal in mussels was highly correlated to that in seaweed, suggesting that the dissolved phase determined the variability of Cd in mussels. However, for Hg, Zn, Mn and Al the results from both PCAs were different. The first PCA showed the relationship of these metals to pluvial precipitation and to the condition index. The PCA for the normalized mussel concentrations showed that, after eliminating the effect of the condition index, only Al was related to pluvial precipitation. Manganese, and to a less degree Zn, were related to these metals in seaweed. Because zinc is an essential element in mussels, some regulation of their internal concentrations is likely. Mercury was not detected in seaweed, but because of its reactive nature, it is not expected that the dissolved fraction could be a significant pathway; therefore, it can be concluded that its temporal variability was determined by the variability in the condition index only.     

Environmental and phylogenetic correlates of Eulemur behavior and ecology (Primates: Lemuridae)

The extent of diversity within closely related taxa may be a function of their shared evolutionary history or of selective forces causing adaptive changes. Examining variation among taxa within a single genus may help to identify flexibility in trait variation because recently diverged populations are more likely living in the environment of adaptation. This study examines correlates of diversity in Eulemur, a genus that has a wide distribution in a variety of habitat types throughout Madagascar. Previously published data were gathered from 11 long-term studies of Eulemur populations. Variables were categorized into multiple datasets: (1) environmental characteristics, (2) social organization, and (3) ecology, which included subsets for ranging behavior, diet, and activity budget. Molecular phylogenies from the literature were used to create the fourth and final dataset, a dissimilarity matrix of evolutionary distance among the 12 species and subspecies. Principal components and cluster analyses were implemented to examine the overall ecological similarity among Eulemur populations and to determine which variables contribute most to the variation among taxa. Partial Mantel tests were conducted to test for correlations among the dataset matrices. The results suggest ecological flexibility for the genus, in particular, populations in similar environments displayed similar activity patterns. In contrast, social organization showed no relationship with environment but was correlated with phylogenetic distance among populations. While Eulemur seems to demonstrate some flexibility for ecological adaptations, characteristics related to group size and sex ratio more closely track phylogeny and thus may be less flexible.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible to authorized users.     

天津市郊农田土壤中有机氯农药残留的局地分异

在天津3处典型污灌与非污灌农田各采集了10个表土样品，测定了其中α-HCH，β-HCH，γ-HCH，δ－HCH、p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT和p'-DDT等8种有机氯农药含量，籍以研究该地区有机氯农药在地块中的局部分异。结果表明，所研究地块中两类化合物含量均表现出显著的非均一特征。其中污灌土地中的（DDT）以及污灌农田中的HCH含量都具有与灌溉方向密切相关的空间分布特征。这样的规律性空间变异导致他们的空间波动幅度高于其他地块。鉴于上述趋势性和非趋势性空间分异，在开展相关时人有必要在目标地块中采集重复样或混合样。     

Allelochemical effects of ergoline alkaloids fromIpomoea parasitica onHeliothis virescens

Lysergol, elymoclavine and three other van Urk-positive alkaloids were identified by 2D chromatography in the seed extract ofIpomoea parasitica. The presence of the same ergoline alkaloids was also demonstrated in vegetative tissue ofI. parasitica. Heliothis virescens larvae reared on a diet containing an alkaloid extract ofI. parasitica showed an increase in the consumption index and a reduction in the effiency of conversion of food. No difference was observed in the approximated digestibility. The percentages of pupation and emergence were reduced and the malefemale ratio was altered in insects fed on a diet containing the alkaloid extract ofI. parasitica or lysergol. The increases in the concentration of ergoline alkaloids inI. parasitica at the seedling stage and at flowering support the theory that these compounds play a defensive role against herbivory in the plant.     

Manipulation of nest-box density affects extra-pair paternity in a population of blue tits (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Parus caeruleus</Emphasis>)

We tested the effect of manipulation of breeding density on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in a blue tit (Parus caeruleus) population during two consecutive years. In a homogeneous oak forest, nest-box manipulation provided a high density plot (plot A, 1.10 and 1.32 pairs/ha) and a low density plot (plot B, 0.43 and 0.46 pairs/ha). Microsatellite analysis on 91 broods revealed a higher proportion of extra-pair paternity in broods in plot A (mean of 17.2%) than in plot B (mean of 11.4%). A correlative approach showed that the proportion of extra-pair young in broods was affected by the number of breeding neighbours within 100 m around the nest-box, by the distance to the nearest breeding neighbour and by an additional plot effect. However, the nearest neighbours accounted for only 39.3% of extra-pair paternities and distance to extra-pair fathers was significantly higher than the nearest neighbour distance in both plots. This implies that the effect of density on the occurrence of extra-pair paternities is associated with active female choice to enhance the brood fitness. Although there were more extra-pair young in broods when density was high, the number of extra-pair fathers did not increase and stayed close to one. We suggest that density increases the cost of mate guarding by males, thereby increasing the possibility for females to solicit extra-pair paternities to the cuckolding male they have chosen. Finally, we discuss why correlatives approaches do not always show evidence for an effect of breeding density on extra-pair paternity occurrence.Communicated by M. Soler     

固体废弃物渗滤液组分动态变化预测

渗滤液(Leachate)是城市固体废物填埋场(MSWLF)污染环境的主要来源之一，因此掌握其水质变化规律是研究填埋场对环境污染的首要问题。渗滤液的主要来源是大气降水，使用垃圾淋滤的方法模拟大气降水，利用实验结果建立模拟模型，揭示了渗滤液组分随降水的变化规律。可以预测垃圾填埋后渗滤液污染组分的浓度变化。为研究填埋场渗滤液组分变化及确定其处理对策提供了理论依据。     

太湖典型河网区地表水与沉积物氮、磷和重金属含量空间分异

将无锡城乡交错区河网分为城镇生活区水巷、工业区主河道、农业区主河道、农业区支流和鱼塘5种类型区.通过秋季(旱季)和夏季(雨季)2次采样,研究氮、磷和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd在地表水和沉积物中的含量及其空间变化.结果表明:(1)城乡交错区地表水氮、磷来源于生活污染和工业污染的比例大于农田,同时具有来源分散、污染面广的特征.(2)由于城镇地表径流和工业活动影响,各类型区地表水重金属含量均有不同程度提高.但地表水重金属主要沿主河道迁移,旱季和雨季主河道重金属含量均大于农业区支流,而且随着与城镇距离增加,主河道沉积物重金属含量迅速降低,重金属污染影响范围较小.(3)与重金属相比,地表水氮、磷污染仍是太湖水网区主要的环境问题.但城镇及其周围河流沉积物中富集的重金属含量很高,其潜在环境风险不容忽视.