Can environmental heterogeneity explain individual foraging variation in wild bottlenose dolphins (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tursiops</Emphasis> sp.)?

Because behavioral variation within and among populations may result from ecological, social, genetic and phenotypic differences, identifying the mechanism(s) responsible is challenging. Observational studies typically examine social learning by excluding ecological and genetic factors, but this approach is insufficient for many complex behaviors associated with substantial environmental variation. Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia show individual differences in foraging tactics, including possible tool use with marine sponges and social learning may be responsible for this diversity. However, the contributions of ecological factors to the development of these foraging tactics were not previously investigated. Here, we determined the relationship between ecological variables and foraging tactics and assessed whether differences in habitat use could explain individual differences in foraging tactics. We monitored 14 survey zones to identify how foraging tactics were spatially distributed and matched behavioral data to the ecological variables within each zone. Three of four foraging tactics were significantly correlated with ecological characteristics such as seagrass biomass, water depth, presence of marine sponges and season. Further, individual differences in habitat use were associated with some tactics. However, several tactics overlapped spatially and previous findings suggest demographic and social factors also contribute to the individual variation in this population. This study illustrates the importance of environmental heterogeneity in shaping foraging diversity and shows that investigating social learning by ruling out alternative mechanisms may often be too simplistic, highlighting the need for methods incorporating the relative contributions of multiple factors.     

土地利用变化对城郊农业区生态效益的影响——以四川省南充市高坪区为例

借鉴生态效益综合评价的有关理论和数学模型,以四川省南充市高坪区为例,选取生物多样性指数、植被覆盖指数、水土保持效益指数、土壤改良指数、涵养水源指数、拦截径流指数和湿度指数7个指标作为评价因子,建立生态效益评价体系,对该区域1996和2005年2个时期综合生态效益进行评估和比较.结果表明,该区域综合生态效益值分别为7.85和7.95,2005年比1996年略为升高;基于GIS的图层叠置、分割等分析功能,就区域土地利用变化对其内部生态效益造成的变化进行了分析,该区域可被划分为生态效益显著增强区、增强区、保持区、减弱区和显著减弱区5个等级.     

电离辐射对人类染色体的影响

通过对２６例静电加速器工作者染色体的观测，研究电离辐射引起的人类染色体畸变。效应与辐射剂量相关，畸变的类型和频率反映细胞损伤程度。     

Spatial variations of Pb in the vertical zone of the soil-plant system in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve

The characteristics of vertical and horizontal variations of lead element (Pb) in soil-plant system of vertical zone in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve(CNNR)were studied.The results showed that Pb concentrations in soils of vertical zone are all above 25mg/kg,and the average Pb concentration of each soil zone negatively correlates its degree of variation,i.e.brown coniferous forest soil zone has the lowest average Pb concentration of four soil zones,and the highest horizontal variation;however,mountain soddy forest soil has the highest average Pb concentration,and the lowest horizontal variation;the average concentration of plant Pb of each plant zone is lower than the worldwide average level of Pb in plant(Clarke),respectively,and plant Pb content order is consistent with soil Pb content order,but their horizontal variations are different from those in soil zones,the variation of mountain tundra forest zone is highest,but Betula ermanii forest zoner the lowest.Vertical variation of plant Pb is obviously higher than that in soils with variation coefficient of 89.76%;the enrichment capability of plant for Pb is depended on the plant types and the different organs of plant;parent material and parent rock,pH values,soil organic matter and soil particle fraction etc.are the main factors influencing variations of Pb contant in soil-plant system of vertical zone in CNNR.     

圆锥形零件冲压成形皱曲破裂成形极限的变化规律性

由外皱曲模型给出外不皱曲判据,依据它可计算出防外皱曲最小压边力的大小,作为防外皱曲的极限判据。由内皱曲模型给出内不皱曲判据,依据它可计算出防内皱曲最小压边力的大小,作为防内皱曲的极限判据。由破裂模型给出不破裂判据,依据它可计算出最大压边力的大小,作为防破裂的极限判据。结合上述外不皱曲判据、内不皱曲判据和不破裂判据,给出圆锥形零件冲压成形的成形判据和圆锥形零件冲压成形皱曲破裂成形极限的变化规律性。它们是材料参数M(n,r,σb,K,E)、设计参数D(D0,δ0,m,Kd,rd)和过程参数P(fb,fd,fα,η)的函数。     

秦巴山地西部地区2015—2018年大气污染物变化特征及潜在来源分析

为了研究我国南北过渡带西部地区大气污染物变化特征，选取了秦巴山地西部陇南市2015-2018年大气主要污染物监测资料和气象数据，分析了各污染物的浓度水平、变化特征及与气象条件的关系，并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式分析了该地区污染物潜在来源（WPSCF和WCWT）.结果表明：4年来，秦巴山地西部地区空气环境质量较好，空气质量优良率达94.24%，6项大气污染物SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM_2.5、PM₁₀平均浓度分别为19.02、23.35、701.41、83.11、30.57、56.50 μg·m^-3，均未超过国家二级标准.PM₁₀是该地区首要污染物中天数最多的，达94 d.污染物SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的季节变化和日变化特征具有较好一致性，呈"U"型变化，O₃呈单峰型，在夏季和午后浓度到达高值.颗粒污染物PM₁₀、PM_2.5与气态污染物SO₂、NO₂、CO均呈现较好正相关，气温、降水量和风速风向对污染物浓度有较大的影响.该地区冬季空气质量明显差于其他季节，颗粒物浓度主要受供暖期化石燃料燃烧和外来气流的影响.     

太湖流域典型城镇地表水中AOX的污染特征

采用微库仑法,分析常州市武南区域地表水和污水处理厂出水中可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的浓度,揭示了该区域AOX的污染特征.结果表明,区域内地表水中AOX的年均浓度为41.9μg/L,与其他研究结果相当或偏低,夏季浓度高于冬季.从空间分布上看,永安河中段、滆湖北部和京杭运河以北区域污染相对严重,其中断头浜截流是造成AOX污染突出的一个重要原因.市政污水处理厂和纺织工业污水处理厂出水的年污染负荷较高,是两类重要的排放源,对地表水中AOX污染有较大的贡献.     

饮用水常规处理工艺中细菌群落的时空分布

为弄清饮用水常规处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,以我国南方某市一常规处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季原水、沉后水、滤后水、出厂水和滤砂生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH值、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的要求.夏季细菌多样性明显高于冬季,混凝沉淀和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性和组成的主要工艺单元.细菌群落组成呈现一定的季节性变化,水样中优势菌门主要包括变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）等,在滤砂生物膜样品中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）亦占绝对优势.在属水平上,检测到的条件致病菌属包括弧形菌属（Vibrio）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）.水温和溶解氧是影响细菌群落的主要水质参数.     

基于GF1_WFV的千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度时空变化

基于高分一号（GF-1）遥感影像以及水体实测样点数据,运用波段对数组合,以千岛湖为研究对象,构建和择优了叶绿素a浓度反演模型,对2013~2019年千岛湖区域水体叶绿素a浓度值进行了估算,并利用变异系数、Mann-Kendall显著性检验模型、Theil-Sen趋势分析模型对其时空变化特征进行了分析.研究表明,基于波段对数组合的反演模型可用于千岛湖清洁水体叶绿素a浓度值的反演（R²=0.8976）;年际变化分析发现,在研究期限内,千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度平均值维持在较低水平,近94%的水体像元叶绿素a浓度小于3.65μg/L,水质较佳;时空动态分析进一步发现,千岛湖水体叶绿素a浓度值大都经历了较为微小的波动变化,其中,有超过67%的水体像元浓度值呈现出微小的增长趋势,在分布上也呈现出一定的空间格局形态.