烟花爆竹禁燃对春节期间东北地区空气质量影响评估

利用2015—2017年春节期间东北地区主要大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O3)质量浓度监测资料及相应气象因子(温度、湿度、风速和气压)观测资料,分析了春节期间烟花爆竹禁燃对东北地区空气质量的影响。结果表明:随着东北地区主要城市禁燃力度的增强,空气质量逐年提升,PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度逐年大幅度下降。禁燃可明显降低城区PM_(2.5)浓度,而由于春节期间污染源整体减少,城区和城郊监测点PM_(2.5)浓度值差异减小。烟花爆竹对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度影响高于对气体污染物SO_2、NO_2和CO的影响。此外,气象条件对东北地区春节期间禁燃改善空气质量的效果也有明显影响。因此,结合春节期间的气象条件,在东北地区实施禁燃政策动态调整非常必要。     

北京市高海拔地区百花山空气质量状况及与市区的差异性研究

对北京市远郊百花山(海拔1300 m)2007—2017年大气常规6项污染物数据进行了分析,并与代表市区的国控站点均值数据进行了比较。研究发现,百花山SO2、CO、PM2.5浓度为国控站点浓度的35.5%~35.7%,NO2、PM 10、O 3浓度分别为国控站点浓度的14.0%、41.5%、185.5%。11年间,百花山6项常规污染物浓度逐年降低。2013—2017年,百花山PM2.5浓度年均降速为11.4%,低于国控站点13.3%的年均改善水平。百花山和国控站点在污染物季节变化趋势上基本一致,秋季颗粒物浓度差异最大,春季差异最小。百花山6项污染物的日变化峰谷比值为1.21~1.44,其差异小于国控站点。各项污染物浓度在18:00出现峰值,认为主要受城区远距离传输影响。2013—2017年,百花山共出现5个PM2.5重污染天,5级以上重污染小时数为442 h,国控站点有2%的重污染小时与百花山同步。     

2001—2018年浙江省酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析

利用2001-2018年浙江省32个城市酸雨观测资料,结合数理统计和GIS空间插值,分析了全省降水酸度变化、化学组分特征及其影响因素.研究结果表明,以2009年为拐点,浙江省酸雨污染呈先加重后减轻的趋势,降水酸度和酸雨率均得到显著改善.2009年后,轻酸雨城市的比例不断上升.至2018年,全省大部分城市均处于轻酸雨区,...     

Modelling the potential impacts of land use/cover change on terrestrial carbon stocks in north-west Morocco

Terrestrial ecosystems store more carbon (C) than the atmosphere and provide ecosystem services (ES) such as global climate regulation, by sequestering carbon within biomass and soil. Land use land cover (LULC) change is considered a key factor, playing an important role in the dynamic variations of carbon storage. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects that LULC has had on carbon stocks and consequently on climate change regulation in north-western Morocco over 21 years. To achieve this aim, the Integrated Valuation of ES and Trade-offs (InVEST) model is used to assess status and variation in the net amount of carbon stored by the different types of LULC, and the economic value of the carbon sequestered in the remaining stock. The results show that the total carbon stock increased from 4.81TgC in 1996 to 4.98TgC in 2017. Over the 21 years, the LULC changes had the greatest effect on carbon storage - an increase of 6.87% with 0.17TgC of carbon sequestered, since the majority of unused land was changed to forest and cultivated land. Based on the global costs of atmospheric carbon, we estimate the economic value of carbon storage services to be between US$1,800,000 and US$3,570,000 for the whole period, with an average yearly increment of between US$86,000 and US$170,000. The results show that the ecosystem management has had a substantial climate mitigation effect. Also, the possibility of paying for ES could inform policy on the adoption of LULC to support livelihood and management choices.     

深圳市大气中PM2.5载带金属污染特征及健康风险

于2020年3月～2021年2月对深圳市道路环境空气中PM_2.5载带的15种金属元素的质量浓度进行时间分辨率为1h的全年在线观测.结果显示,深圳市道路环境空气中PM_2.5载带金属元素的总平均浓度为(1062.3±434.6) ng/m³,其中Fe、Al、K、Ca和Zn为主要贡献元素,在金属元素中总贡献达到95.5%.Fe的浓度较高,受到与道路扬尘和机动车排放的强烈影响.金属浓度存在着显著的季节性差异,冬季浓度最高(1709.3ng/m³),夏季最低(644.1ng/m³).Mn、Fe、Cr、Zn和Ca元素呈现明显的双峰日变化分布,与机动车流量高峰一致.昼夜浓度分布结果显示,夜间船舶排放V和Ni的浓度高值得关注,而Mn、Zn和Ca的浓度白天较夜晚高,与白天机动车流量较高有关.高污染日总金属日间浓度和夜间浓度均为全年日间和夜间平均浓度的1.9倍.成年人与儿童暴露于深圳市道路环境空气的非致癌风险均低于阈值1,但是总致癌风险(6.5×10^-6)超过阈值10     

楚雄市空气环境质量状况、变化趋势及对策

根据楚雄市"十五"期间空气环境质量监测结果,对楚雄市空气环境质量状况、变化趋势进行分析、研究,并提出改善空气环境质量的对策、建议.     

长江口水域浮游动物生物量及其年间变化

根据2000～2003年长江口邻近海域2个季节8个航次海洋调查资料,对长江口邻近海域浮游动物生物量及其年间变化进行研究。结果表明：5月高生物量分布区在交汇水团的海水一侧,而交汇水团的淡水一侧生物量较低。8月高生物量分布在交汇水团的两侧,交汇水团的生物量较低。长江口生物量的年间变动与外海水势力有关。高生物量分布区往往位于长江口水域的东侧,当外海暖水势力强盛时,高生物量分布区向长江口伸展,使整个水域浮游动物生物量增高,而当外海暖水势力较弱时,高生物量分布区范围缩小。2001至2003年浮游动物生物量逐年迅速降低与此有密切的关系。浮游动物优势种组成及丰度变化是影响长江口饵料生物量变化的重要因素。     

新旧版美国四轮全地形车安全标准ANSI/SVIA 1分析与研究

本文通过对美国四轮ATV强制性安全标准ANSI/SVIA 1-2010与ANSI/SVIA 1-2007的分析研究,阐述了2010版标准中许多修改内容是对2007版标准编辑性的修改,其目的是改善标准清晰度和一致性;实质性修改主要包括8项,其目的主要是适应安全性要求。同时也提出我国ATV产品在设计、配置和性能等方面面临的技术壁垒和安全技术改进方向,这对我国ATV产品出口美国和制定国家、行业标准具有重要指导意义。     

基于模糊-理想点法的海下采场顶板稳定性分析

为准确评价复杂地质条件下海下采场顶板的稳定性,提出将模糊数学中的隶属度与理想点法相结合的模型。针对海下采场的特殊地质条件,综合考虑水文地质因素、工程地质因素、采场结构因素以及其他因素4个方面,选取9个评价指标。通过对指标进行隶属度化处理,由变异系数法确定指标权重,建立顶板分级模型。最后,根据三山岛金矿5个采场现场调查以及室内试验获得的指标数据,应用该模型对顶板稳定级别进行评判。结果表明,该模型的评判等级结果与工程实际相符,从而验证模型可用于海下采场顶板的稳定性分析。     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years,runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity,especially water and soil conservation construction.In this study,the trends in precipitation,evapotranspiration(ET)and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied.The results showed that during 1960-2000,annual precipitation and river runoff,monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease.In addition,peak flow and base flow had a large decrease.Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity,the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m3 from the baseline period(1960-1985)to the change period(1986-2000),which accounted for 60.9%and 39.1%of the total runoff decrease,respectively.Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity,particularly water and soil conservation construction,also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.