丙烯酸/烯丙基壬基酚聚醚硫酸铵无磷阻垢剂制备及性能

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯酸(AA)和烯丙基壬基酚聚醚硫酸铵(TS-10,10为乙烯基重复单元数)为单体合成了TS-10/AA聚合物阻垢剂。利用红外光谱对共聚物结构进行了表征。采用静态阻垢方法探讨了单体配比、阻垢剂用量以及溶液中Fe2+、Ca2+、PO43-、杀生剂和溶液pH值对共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能的影响,结果表明单体TS-10与AA质量比为3∶1合成的TS-10/AA阻垢剂阻磷酸钙效果最佳。阻垢剂TS-10/AA在高Fe2+、高Ca2+、高pH值条件下具有优异的阻磷酸钙垢性能,与异噻唑啉酮杀生剂有很好的配伍性。阻垢剂TS-10/AA用量存在临界值效应,在8 mg/L时,阻磷酸钙垢为99.3%。扫描电镜表明,阻垢剂TS-10/AA改变磷酸钙的晶型和松散度。TS-10/AA的高效阻磷酸钙垢性能是源于其侧链上含有强亲水性的聚醚结构以及大量的—COO-离子且易与循环水系统中存在的钙离子发生作用。实验结果表明,TS-10/AA是一种性能优异的循环冷却水用阻垢剂。     

Volcanic sulphate and arctic dust plumes over the North Atlantic Ocean

High time resolution aerosol mass spectrometry measurements were conducted during a field campaign at Mace Head Research Station, Ireland, in June 2007. Observations on one particular day of the campaign clearly indicated advection of aerosol from volcanoes and desert plains in Iceland which could be traced with NOAA Hysplit air mass back trajectories and satellite images. In conjunction with this event, elevated levels of sulphate and light absorbing particles were encountered at Mace Head. While sulphate concentration was continuously increasing, nitrate levels remained low indicating no significant contribution from anthropogenic pollutants. Sulphate concentration increased about 3.8 μg m⁻³ in comparison with the background conditions. Corresponding sulphur flux from volcanic emissions was estimated to about 0.3 TgS yr⁻¹, suggesting that a large amount of sulphur released from Icelandic volcanoes may be distributed over distances larger than 1000 km. Overall, our results corroborate that transport of volcanogenic sulphate and dust particles can significantly change the chemical composition, size distribution, and optical properties of aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean and should be considered accordingly by regional climate models.     

综合印染废水混凝试验研究

考察了几种常用混凝剂对印染废水的处理效果。研究表明,在最佳pH值9～11时,硫酸亚铁具有较好的处理效果;复配试验表明,当硫酸亚铁投加量为400mg／l,熟石灰400mg／1,PAM为2mg／l时,COD去除率76．3％,色度去除率94．5％．处理成本为0．16元／t。     

两相厌氧工艺处理含硫酸盐有机废水的研究

采用硫酸盐还原－生物脱除硫化物－甲烷化的方法,考察了酸相反应器的运行效果,以及系统的操作条件和运行情况等。结果表明：①以拉西瓷环为填料的厌氧滤地作为酸相反应器,容积负荷可达５ｋｇ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,去除率为８０％;②在脱硫化物反应器中,硫化物去除率大于９０％,其中９５％的硫化物转化为Ｓ０;③甲烷相反应器ＣＯＤ容积负荷可达１５．８ｋｇ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为８３．３％。整体工艺ＣＯＤ去除率为８７．６％,去除率为９９．４％－１００％。     

Imputing Unmeasured Explanatory Variables in Environmental Epidemiology With Application to Health Impact Analysis of Air Pollution

This paper presents the results of a reconsideration of earlier work that finds an association between daily hospital admissions for respiratory distress and daily concentrations of sulphate (lag 1) as well as daily maximum concentrations of ozone (lags 1 and 3). These associations are found even after clustering the data by hospital of admission and accounting for the effects of temperature. We use an adaptation of their generalized estimating equation technique for clustered data, that daily data being for southern Ontario summers from 1983 to 1988. Like them, we adjust for daily maximum temperatures. However, unlike the earlier work returned to ours includes daily average humidity as a potential explanatory variable in our model. Our analysis also differs from theirs in that we cluster the data by census subdivision to reduce the risk of confounding pollutant levels with population size within regions. Moreover, we log-transform the explanatory variables and then high-pass filter the resulting data. We also deviate from the earlier analysis by taking account of measurement error incurred in using surrogate measures of the explanatory variables. To do so we use new methodology designed for our study but of potential value in other applications. That methodology requires a spatial predictive distribution for the unmeasured explanatory variables. Each day about 700 missing measurements for each of these variables can then be imputed over the geographical domain of the study. With these imputations we get a measure of imputation error through the covariance of the predictive distribution. Along with the predictive distribution we require an impact model to link-up with the predictive distribution. We describe that model and show how it uses the imputed measurements of the missing values of the explanatory variables. We also show how through that model, uncertainty about these values is reflected in our analysis and in commensurate uncertainties in the inferences made. Apart from its substantive objectives, our analysis serves to test the new methods with the earlier results serving as a foil. The reassuring qualitative agreement between our findings and the earlier results seems encouraging.     

Accumulation of Endosulfan in Wild Rat, Rattus norvegious as a Result of Application to Soya Bean in Mazoe (Zimbabwe)

An assessment of levels of endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate in rats collected from a plot sprayed with endosulfan was carried out for a period of four months. The analysis was carried out in the livers, muscles and fatty tissues of the rats using Gas Chromatography. Samples were ground with sodium sulphate and aluminium oxide and the analyte soxhlet extracted with hexane. The extract was then cleaned by florisil column chromatography. Levels of endosulfan in rats were found to range in livers from 0.356 to 5.807 ppb, in muscles from 0.089 to 5.167 ppb and in fatty tissues from 0.083 to 4.785 ppb. Levels of endosulfan sulphate correlated well with those of endosulfan and ranged in livers from 0.00 to 3.96 ppb, in muscles from 0.00 to 3.37 ppb and in fatty tissue from 0.00 to 2.93 ppb. In the control rats samples, collected from an unsprayed area in the city of Harare (University of Zimbabwe), no endosulfan could be detected.     

乙草胺与硫酸铜对黑土微生物的复合生态影响

为了探究2种不同类型农药联合施用对土壤微生物的复合生态影响,以除草剂乙草胺和杀菌剂硫酸铜为例,采用传统毒理学方法和BIOLOG法对其进行评价.结果表明,乙草胺和硫酸铜的联合施用对细菌、放线菌和真菌活菌量以及土壤脱氢酶活性基本呈现急性抑制效应,但随时间延长其作用逐渐减弱甚至发生逆转,而对土壤底物诱导呼吸强度表现为明显促进.利用Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数模型和主成分分析法对BIOLOG数据进行分析,表明2种农药的联合施用显著破坏了黑土微生物群落物种多样性的丰富度和均一性,主成分分析法也表明土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性发生了改变.     

The effects of ammonium sulphate and urea upon egg hatching and miracidial survival of Schistosoma mansoni

Abstract

The effects of various concentrations of ammonium sulphate and urea on egg hatching and miracidial survival of S. mansoni were tested in order to determine if the use of these fertilizers in the ricelands of the Republic of Cameroon could affect the transmission of schistosomiasis. Results indicate that hatching of eggs and survival of miracidia varied with concentrations of tested chemicals and times of exposure. Exposure of S. mansoni eggs to 0.20%‐1.00% ammonium sulphate or to 0.50%‐4.00% urea reduced their ability to hatch and produce miracidia. A chemical concentration of 1.00% ammonium sulphate or 4.00% urea was found to be sufficient to produce complete inhibition of hatching. High concentrations of both chemicals not only inhibited miracidial emmergence but also may be ovocidal. Results obtained from miracidial survival tests indicated that LC₅, LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values for ammonium sulphate were 0.07%, 0.80% and 10.61% after 2 hours of exposure; 0.03%, 0.16% and 0.90% after 4 hours of exposure; and 0.30%, 0.20% and 0.40% after 6 hours of exposure respectively. Similar statistical analyses revealed that the LC₅, LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values for urea were 0.22%, 1.90% and 16.25% after 2 hours of exposure; 0.28%, 0.57% and 1.14% after 4 hours of exposure; and 0.13%, 0.27% and 0.57%” after 6 hours of exposure respectively. Although the two fertilizers exerted some adverse effects on S. mansoni eggs and miracidia at relatively high concentrations, neither of them was found to be of practical value. Ammonium sulphate and urea concentrations effective in killing S. mansoni eggs and miracidia were about one to two orders of magnitude greater than the actual field application rates.     

硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及无害化处理的研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理。结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn和Cd含量超标,锰渣加石灰混合的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的质量比为25∶2效果最佳。     

紫外分光光度测定水中硫酸盐的研究

紫外分光光度法测定水中微量硫酸盐,具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点,适合于较清洁环境水样的分析,回收率在９４～１１０％之间,其分析指标符合水质分析要求