流动注射对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定水体中的硫化物

为了克服分光光度法反应时间难以控制引起的方法精密度、准确度不高的弱点,采用流动注射技术与分光光度法相结合的方法,用微机化流动注射分析仪准确控制时间,优化了实验条件,建立了测定痕量硫化物的流动注射分光光度方法。分析速度每小时80次,擎一质量浓度在0．02～0．8mg／L与吸光度A具有良好的线性关系。方法直接测定海水和鱼塘水中的硫化物获得满意的结果,回收率分别为100．28％和97．13％。     

紫外分光光度法测定水中硫酸盐的探讨

紫外分光光度法测定水中微量硫酸盐,具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点,适用于清洁环境水样的分析,回收率为96％－110％,其分析指标符合水质分析要求。     

Acidification at Plastic Lake,Ontario: Has 20 Years Made a Difference?

In response to reduced sulphur emissions, there has been a large decrease in sulphate (; −0.97 μeq l⁻¹ year⁻¹) and hydrogen (−1.18 μeq l⁻¹ year⁻¹) ion concentration in bulk precipitation between 1980 and 2000 at Plastic Lake in central Ontario. The benefit of this large reduction in deposition on stream water chemistry was assessed using the gauged outflow from a conifer-forested catchment (PC1; 23.3 ha), which is influenced by a small wetland located immediately upstream of the outflow. Sulphate concentrations declined, but not significantly due to large inter-annual variation in concentration. Between 1980 and 2000, there were significant increases in dissolved organic carbon, ammonium and potassium concentration likely reflecting increased mineralisation in the wetland. Calcium concentrations in PC1 decreased during the two decade period (−2.24 μeq l⁻¹ year⁻¹), as a consequence there was no improvement in stream pH and the Ca:Al ratio in PC1 continued to decline. A similar response was noted in an upland-draining sub-catchment of PC1-08 that has been monitored since 1987. Despite large reductions in deposition and almost complete retention of nitrogen in soil, there has been no improvement (in terms of pH) in stream water at PC1 due to a combination of soil acidification and climatic (droughts, increased mineralisation) perturbations.     

Chemical immobilisation of arsenic in contaminated soils using iron(II)sulphate—advantages and pitfalls

Chemical immobilisation of inorganic contaminants by increasing the sorption capacity of soils and/or promoting the formation of sparingly soluble precipitates may be a cost-effective approach to counteract groundwater pollution. This study focuses on the enhanced retention of arsenic in two contaminated soils by addition of solid iron(II)sulphate. Four lab-scale column experiments were performed under unsaturated conditions with subsoil material sampled at a former timber preservation site and a pigment production plant. Arsenic effluent concentrations indicated 89.9 to 99.8% immobilisation in the treated columns. Sequential extractions showed a shift in contaminant binding forms towards the iron(hydr)oxide and residual fractions. Possible immobilisation mechanisms are the precipitation of FeAs phases, the formation of inner sphere complexes, and/or the occlusion of arsenic in newly formed amorphous/crystalline iron oxides. Bromide breakthrough curves point to the fact that the addition of iron(II)sulphate only moderately affects soil hydraulic properties. In contrast to reduced emissions of arsenic, increased seepage water concentrations were observed for other trace elements (e.g., cobalt, nickel, zinc). Mass balances indicate that this effect is primarily related to the temporary pH-drop caused by the oxidation of ferrous iron. The results show that chemical immobilisation using iron(II)sulphate is a promising way to protect groundwater quality at sites contaminated with timber preservation and pigment production remnants. As a prerequisite, optimum amendment levels need to be established and practical/field tests should be accompanied by a monitoring for a broad range of relevant trace elements.     

硫铁矿烧渣制备聚合硫酸铁工艺评述

对国内用硫铁矿烧渣制备磷合硫酸铁各方法的优缺点进行了分析和比较。     

季铵化改性稻草吸附去除水中SO42-的特性研究

采用NaOH、环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺改性稻草秸秆,制备出含季铵基的吸附剂,用以去除水中的硫酸根离子(SO2-4).通过SEM、元素分析、13C-NMR表征发现,稻草改性后表面纤维结构暴露,含氮量增加,引入了大量的季铵基,吸附潜力显著提高.吸附实验结果表明,改性稻草吸附去除SO42-平衡时间约20min,pH为3～8范围内吸附效果较好.采用Langmuir吸附模型可较好地描述改性稻草对SO2-4的吸附等温线,其最大单分子层吸附量Qmax为74.76mg·g-1,吸附能力远大于原稻草(11.68mg·g-1).     

电镀废水的铬污染特征及调控

以广东省潮州市彩塘不锈钢电镀区的水体为例,研究了电镀废水、底泥的Cr分布特征和基本特性,并针对废水基本特性,采用FeSO4进行调控,探讨如何将Cr6+转化Cr3+以及除去废水中Cr的途径。电镀废水中的总Cr和Cr6+分别为57.3mg/L、42.4mg/L,远远超过了电镀废水排放标准37、83倍,导致河流水体Cr6+超过环境质量标准。电镀废水具有低pH值和高电导率。电镀区底泥Cr大大超过背景值,底泥中的Cr残渣态含量最高,其次是氧化态、还原态,可溶态和碳酸盐态含量低,说明了底泥存在潜在危害性。FeSO4能有效地将Cr6+还原为Cr3+,Fe2+/Cr6+摩尔比为4具有很好转化效率,还原充分后将pH值调至9,对Cr3+具有最好的沉淀效果,通过该途径有效除去废水的Cr。     

H2O2／Fe（Ⅱ）处理山梨醇废水的试验研究

对H2O2／Fe（II）处理山梨醇生产废水进行了研究。考察了过氧化氢的投加量、pH值、反应时间等对处理效率的影响。通过试验确定了废水处理的最佳条件：过氧化氢（30％）投加量为0．12mL,硫酸亚铁投加量为0．18g,pH值为3．2,处理时间为40min,温度为35℃,硫酸镁投加量为1．0g,此时CODcr去除率为81．19％。试验结果表明此法处理山梨醇生产废水,不但降低了CODcr,对氧化反应后剩余的铁离子去除效率也比较高。     

粉煤灰制备聚硅酸复合聚合硫酸铁及性能研究

以大连某热电厂的固体废弃物粉煤灰为原料,研究了利用粉煤灰制备聚硅酸复合聚合硫酸铁及其絮凝性能.采用NaOH溶液浸渍粉煤灰,通过考察温度、NaOH浓度和反应时间对硅溶出的影响,确定了硅溶出的最佳反应条件.用NaOH浸渍液制备聚硅酸后再与聚合硫酸铁（PFS）复合得到复合絮凝剂（F-PFS）,通过考察铁硅摩尔比和熟化时间对F-PFS的除浊性能的影响,确定了F-PFS的最佳复合条件.在F-PFS的最佳复合条件下,以Na₂SiO₃为原料制备同样硅浓度的聚硅酸再复合PFS得到聚硅酸复合聚合硫酸铁（N-PFS）,作为F-PFS的对照.通过最佳F-PFS与N-PFS和PFS的絮凝率对比评价了最佳F-PFS的絮凝性能.结果表明在120℃下,用4　mol·L^-1的NaOH浸渍粉煤灰4 h后得到硅的最大溶出量0.207 9 g·g^-1.在铁硅摩尔比为1∶0.2,熟化2 h的条件下,F-PFS的除浊性能最佳.同时F-PFS的除浊能力与N-PFS相同,但是沉降性和稳定性优于N-PFS和PFS,对实际废水的絮凝能力优于N-PFS和PFS.     

AS/PDM复合混凝剂对冬季太湖原水除藻效果研究

由聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)与硫酸铝(AS)制成的系列稳定AS/PDM复合混凝剂,用于冬季太湖原水的除藻效果研究.通过混凝除藻实验,考察了复合混凝剂加药量、AS与PDM复配质量比(20∶1～5∶1)、PDM特征黏度(0.55～3.99 dL/g)对除藻效果的影响,分析了使用复合混凝剂替代预加氯工艺的可行性.结果表明,对原水使用AS、AS/PDM(0.55/20∶1～3.99/5∶1)复合混凝剂后的余浊达到2 NTU的水厂沉淀出水浊度标准时,其加药量(以Al₂Ｏ₃计)分别为4.24 mg/L、 3.96～1.87 mg/L,除藻率分别为83.00%、 87.52%～90.93%;加药量为4.24 mg/L时,其除藻率分别为83.00%、 88.29%～97.66%,余浊分别为2.00 NTU、 1.76～0.43 NTU.对加氯水的加药量为4.50 mg/L时,AS/PDM(1.53/10∶1)复合混凝剂对原水的处理效果优于AS对加氯水的处理效果;AS/PDM(3.99/5∶1)复合混凝剂对原水的处理效果优于AS、AS/PDM(0.55/20∶1)、AS/PDM(1.53/10∶1)复合混凝剂对加氯水的处理效果.因此,AS/PDM复合混凝剂可明显提高AS对冬季太湖原水的处理效果,与单独使用AS相比,余浊达标时节省加药量,加药量相等时提高处理效果.此外,使用复合混凝剂还可替代预氯氧化工艺中加氯对混凝除藻作用的部分功能,有利于提高水质安全性.