Metals in the indoor environment

There is a growing recognition that individual exposures to a broad spectrum of metal, inorganic and organic pollutants exceed those from ambient and in some cases from the vicinity of industry environments. The agents often found in indoor environments are mostly known to be hazardous in high concentrations, but the lower limit of their dose response relationships are poorly defined.

The major sources of metals in indoor environments are cigarette smoke (mainstream and side stream), fuel combustion, house dust and consumer products with arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel being of primary toxicological potential (i.e. carcinogenic, genotoxic and reproductive development). Aspects of levels and duration of human exposure to these elements in relation to existing body burdens and subsequent bioavailability and interactions are generally poorly known from inhalation sources.

Although the magnitude of indoor health hazards to metallic constituents is not now known, mounting evidence suggests that both identification of agents and the measurement of indoor exposures are critical for a more realistic assessment of the effect of this aspect of air pollution on human health.     

基于生命周期分析的电解铝清洁生产评价指标研究

本文利用生命周期评价对电解铝生产过程进行了全面分析,结合清洁生产的内涵和电解铝生产工艺的系统边界图,从炭素阳极、电解制铝、铝加工和烟气净化等四个子模块出发,把电解铝清洁生产评价指标体系分为五项一级指标,即管理与工艺设备指标、资源消耗指标、产品指标、环境指标、废物回收利用指标,一级指标又分解为13项二级指标和 28项三级指标。     

The Impact of Conifer Harvesting on Stream Water Quality: A Case Study in Mid-Wales

A 12-year record of water quality data for runoff from a spruce forested hillslope with podzolic soils shows the impacts of conifer harvesting and replanting in relation to nitrate generation and its influence on surface water acidification. With felling, nitrate increases from a background of 18 Eq/l to about 50 Eq/l after 1 to 2 years and then declines to background levels over the next 1 to 2 years and to lower concentrations thereafter. This change is mirrored by an acidification process as manifest by a change in Gran alkalinity, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) and aluminium concentrations as well as pH. For example, Gran alkalinity and ANC, which start at negative concentrations prior to felling (about –20 and –50 Eq/l, respectively), become more negative (–30 and –100 Eq/l, respectively) at high nitrate concentrations. Correspondingly, pH decreases from about 4.7 to 4.5 and aluminium concentrations increase from about 14 to 16 M. Subsequently, the acidification is reversed as nitrate concentrations decline and after five years post-felling the system has higher pH, Gran alkalinity and ANC together with lower aluminium concentrations than even before the felling took place (the post-felling values are about 4.9, -15 Eq/l, –20 Eq/l and 7 M/l, respectively).Other determinands show clear changes over time. For example, there is a marked increase in sodium and chloride prior to and around the time of felling (200 to 300 and 230 to 400 Eq/l, respectively), with a subsequent decline in concentration to pre-felling and to lower values of around 160 and 170 Eq/l, respectively, thereafter. This change is probably associated with abnormally high inputs of sea-salts from the atmosphere during the first quarter of the year of felling, and dilution thereafter, rather than a direct consequence of the felling activity itself: this change in sea salt loading has had an impact on stream acidity. Dissolved organic carbon and iron also change with concentrations increasing over time (60 to 200 and 1.0 to 1.5 M/l, respectively) and this mirrors a general pattern observed across the Plynlimon catchments irrespective of whether or not there has been felling activity.The implications of the findings are discussed in relations to environmental management and hydrochemical processes.     

提高柠檬酸钠净化甲苯废气效率的实验研究

以柠檬酸钠溶液为吸收剂,添加三种不同的添加剂在填料塔中进行了吸收法净化含甲苯有机废气的实验研究。在相同的工艺条件下,分别研究了添加柠檬酸,无机盐助剂、聚乙二醇(PEG200)以及三者的组成对柠檬酸钠吸收剂去除甲苯效果的影响。实验结果表明,当5%柠檬酸钠吸收剂分别添加柠檬酸时pH=6,无机盐0.05%硅酸钠、0.1%磷酸钠和0.1%碳酸钠,0.5%聚乙二醇时,对甲苯净化效率及吸收容量都有显著提高。当三种添加剂组合时效果更佳。     

废铝回收处理技术及工艺研究

随着我国用铝量的逐年增加,再生铝高值利用越来越受到行业关注。介绍了废铝回收处理工艺及设备,以及废铝回收处理过程中的技术难点。指出废铝回收再利用,对节约资源、保护环境具有重要意义。     

Wash water in waterworks: contaminants and process options for reclamation

Reclamation of clean water from filter backwash water was studied through pilot-scale experiments.The pilot plant consisted of clarification,sand-filtration,and ultrafiltration modules in sequence,with a provision to bypass the sand filter.Clean water that conformed to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Potable Quality was reclaimed.Turbidity,aluminum and iron were found to be critical contaminants in process selection and design.Clarification,followed by sand filtration,was found to be the minim...     

电絮凝法去除饮用水中氟的研究

采用双铝电絮凝法去除饮用水中的氟.研究了电极间距、原水pH值、原水氟浓度、电流密度对除氟的影响.结果表明,电絮凝法去除地下水中的氟不需添加可溶性盐和改变pH值,在选定的实验条件下,阳极面积与反应器容积比为52.5 m2/m3,电极间距1.0 cm,电流密度30 A/m2,反应10 min后,出水中F-浓度符合国家饮用水卫生标准.     

模拟酸雨对山东主要土壤类型理化性质的影响

以ｐＨ２、３、４、５的模拟酸雨,对山东省棕壤,褐土,潮土,砂姜黑土,盐渍土等５种土壤进行了１－１０ａ室内淋洗土柱试验,结果表明,除棕壤在ｐＨ２的模拟酸雨淋洗第４ａ开始酸化以外,其余４种土壤１０ａ淋滤波ｐＨ值均大于７;模拟酸雨淋洗土壤１０ａ,土壤淋失盐基总量是褐土〉砂姜黑〉盐渍土〉潮土〉棕壤,盐基离子对酸雨的敏感性为Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋模拟酸雨对土壤中活化作用是除棕壤ｐＨ２出现活     

有机酸对铅、镉植株危害的解毒作用研究

通过培养试验研究了有机酸对铅、镉的的毒害影响，结果表明柠檬酸对铅，酒石酸对镉有较明显解毒作用，用逐步提取法研究萝卜根叶内重金属存在的化学形态，有机酸处理并不影响各形态铅的优势顺序，但各形态铅的浓度或相互百分率发生了变化，柠檬酸处理的萝卜叶片，活性较低的盐酸提取态铅的百分率增加，活性较高的乙醇、水、氯化钠提取态下降；镉在萝卜根叶中均以氯化钠提取态为主，有机到处理并不改变各形态镉的优势顺序，酒石酸处理     

有机配位剂对重金属絮凝剂DTSPAM去除水中Cd2+性能的影响

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、亚硫酸氢钠、二硫化碳、氢氧化钠为原料,制备出新型重金属絮凝剂二硫代羧基化磺甲基聚丙烯酰胺（DTSPAM）,考察了3种常见有机配位剂EDTA、焦磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠对DTSPAM除Cd²⁺性能的影响.实验结果表明,在单一含Cd²⁺水样中,pH值为3.0~6.0时DTSPAM对Cd²⁺均有较好的去除性能;在不同EDTA浓度、不同pH值下的混合水样中,EDTA对DTSPAM除Cd²⁺均呈抑制作用;水样pH值为5.0、6.0时,焦磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠对DTSPAM除Cd²⁺均表现出促进作用,而pH值为2.0~4.0时,焦磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠对DTSPAM除Cd²⁺均呈抑制作用.