A Recourse‐Based Interval Fuzzy Programming Model for Point‐Nonpoint Source Effluent Trading under Uncertainty

In this study, a recourse‐based interval fuzzy programming (RIFP) model is developed for tackling uncertainties expressed as fuzzy, interval, and/or probabilistic forms in an effluent trading program. It can incorporate preregulated water‐pollution control policies directly into its optimization process, such that an effective linkage between environmental regulations and economic implications (i.e., penalties) caused by improper policies due to uncertainty existence can be provided. The RIFP model is applied to point‐nonpoint source effluent trading of the Xiangxi River in China. The efficiency of trading efforts between water quality improvement and net system benefit under different degrees of satisfying discharge limits is analyzed. The results are able to help support (1) formulation of water‐pollution control strategies under various economic objectives and system‐reliability constraints, (2) selection of the desired effluent trading pattern for point and nonpoint sources, and (3) generation of tradeoffs among system benefit, satisfaction degree, and pollutant mitigation under multiple uncertainties. Compared with the traditional regulatory approaches, the results demonstrate that the water‐pollution control program can be performed more cost‐effectively through trading than nontrading.     

EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES,BOISE RWER,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Aquatic communities in the Boise River were examined from October 1987 to March 1988 to determine whether they were adversely affected by trace elements in effluents from two Boise wastewater treatment facilities. Trace-element concentrations in the Boise River were less than or near analytical-detection levels and were less than chronic toxicity criteria when detectable. Insect communities colonizing artificial substrates upstream and downstream from the wastewater treatment facilities were strongly associated, and coefficients of community loss indicated that effluents had benign enriching effects. The distributions of trace-element-intolerant mayflies indicated that trace-element concentrations in effluents did not adversely affect intolerant organisms in the Boise River. Condition factor of whitefish was significantly increased downstream from the Lander Street wastewater treatment facility and was significantly decreased downstream from the West Boise wastewater treatment facility.     

染料探针技术对二级出水中优势污染物的定量检测

分别以刚果红和中性红为染料探针,建立了牛血清蛋白质(BSA)和海藻酸多糖(SA)含量与共振光散射(RLS)发射光谱强度间的线性关系;以甲苯胺蓝为染料探针,建立了腐殖酸(HA)含量与紫外吸光度间的线性关系;优化了3种标准物质的检测浓度范围及溶液p H值条件;考察了染料探针分析方法对标准物的二元和三元混合样品中的回收率.结果表明在适宜的浓度范围内,BSA、HA、SA浓度与染料探针光谱强度间的线性相关系数R0.98,3种标准物在混合样品中的回收率不小于95%,标准误差低于0.11%.以紫外光谱和3D-EEM光谱特征作为城市污水二级出水样品中蛋白质、多糖和腐殖酸的定性依据,确认了4种二级出水样品中的优势污染物.通过染料-探针技术与国标法测得的多糖和蛋白质质量浓度的相对偏差在1.2%~0.04%之间.     

内电解人工湿地冬季低温尾水强化脱氮机制

针对湿地冬季运行效率低、污染物去除能力差,本研究通过对比无植物湿地、普通湿地和内电解湿地冬季低水温下(3~12℃)对污水厂尾水的脱氮效能,深入分析其微生物群落结构组成,揭示内电解湿地的强化脱氮机制.结果表明,内电解湿地可以更好地利用尾水中碳源,脱氮效果优势明显,出水TN浓度维持在(9±0.29)mg·L~(-1),TN平均去除率达42.27%,比无植物湿地和普通湿地分别高出17.91%、17.33%.冬季低温条件下,内电解湿地微生物活性仍很高,荧光显色法测得微生物活性达到0.224 mg·g~(-1),分别是无植物湿地和普通湿地的2.6、3.4倍,反硝化强度分别是无植物湿地和普通湿地的2.8、3.3倍.高通量测序表明,内电解湿地基质微生物群落多样性优于无植物湿地和普通湿地.检测出的脱氮微生物主要有脱氯单胞菌、根瘤菌、生丝微菌、红杆菌,还有自养反硝化细菌产硫酸杆菌.内电解湿地在脱氮微生物总量上有明显优势,脱氮微生物占微生物总量的7.13%,分别是无植物湿地、普通物湿地的3.8、8.7倍,因而脱氮效率更高.     

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物混凝去除特性研究

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)由于组成复杂、难去除、具有多异质性和分散性,是污水深度处理与回用的主要去除对象和关键限制因子.本论文以发酵制药废水二级出水的DOM为研究对象,采用投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂去除DOM,考察混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值对去除效果的影响,并结合分子量分级、亲疏水性分级以及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法等对DOM进行了系统表征和分析,进一步阐述混凝过程DOM的去除特征.结果表明,PAC投加量为250 mg·L~(-1)、pH=7时,混凝沉淀30 min对DOC、UV_(254)、色度和浊度的去除率分别为13.05%±0.29%、23.65%±0.75%、12.66%±1.34%、63.67%±0.89%;混凝对分子量10 kDa的组分和疏水中性(HON)组分去除效果分别为50.33%±0.98%、21.56%±0.42%,而对分子量1 kDa组分去除率较低为2.26%±0.12%;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析将制药废水二级出水分为2个类腐殖质组分(C1、C3)和1个类蛋白组分(C2),混凝对类腐殖酸组分(C1)最大荧光强度去除率(F_(max))最高为46.22%,而亲水性的小分子和蛋白类物质混凝去除效果较差.     

人工湿地对二级出水中TN、TP去除效果的季节性研究

研究了垂直流和表面流两种人工湿地系统在水力停留时间为2 d条件下,在不同季节对二级出水中TN、TP的去除效果。结果显示,垂直流湿地系统对TN、TP的去除效果优于表面流湿地系统。两种类型的人工湿地对TN的去除效果随季节的变化而波动,夏秋季节去除率最高,春季次之,冬季去除效果最差;垂直流人工湿地系统对TP的去除效果随季节的变化趋势与TN去除率的变化相同,而表面流湿地系统对TP的去除效果在春夏秋季变化不大,冬季的平均去除率仅有16.5%。分析认为,人工湿地应用于二级出水的深度处理,对于满足观赏性景观环境用水(尤其是观赏性河道和湖泊类)的水质指标是可行的。     

生物活性炭法深度处理纺织废水二级出水中生物活性的研究

采用上流式曝气生物活性炭法处理碱减量印染废水二级生物处理出水,利用TTC-脱氢酶活性(DHA)法监测反应器内DHA生物活性分布.研究发现反应器内生物炭表面附着生物膜活性较高,特别是反应器上部生物碳粒同样具有较高的DHA活性,这与反应器运行一年多能够保持对COD、色度和UV等较高去除率有一定关系.还研究了活性炭吸附、反应器反冲洗对DHA活性的影响.本研究为曝气生物活性炭法有效去除印染碱减量废水中难降解有机物提供了一定的理论依据.     

生物活性炭法深度处理纺织废水二级出水中生物活性的研究

采用上流式曝气生物活性炭法处理碱减量印染废水二级生物处理出水，利用TTC-脱氢酶活性（DHA）法监测反应器内DHA生物活性分布。研究发现反应器内生物炭表面附着生物膜活性较高，特别是反应器上部生物碳粒同样具有较高的DHA活性，这与反应器运行一年多能够保持对COD、色度和UV等较高去除率有一定关系。还研究了活性炭吸附、反应器反冲洗对DHA活性的影响。本研究为曝气生物活性炭法有效去除印染碱减量废水中难降解有机物提供了一定的理论依据。     

Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment

Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄ has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH₄. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH₄ emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH₄ emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH₄ emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m³ open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH₄ content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻² and 9.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻². Total CH₄ emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day⁻¹. Relationships between CH₄ emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH₄ emission can be accurately estimated.     

黄孢原毛平革菌在E段废水中的生长特性与脱色作用

利用GCMS定性分析漂白废水主要发色物质的种类，对黄孢原毛平革菌在抑制条件下的生长与脱色作用进行试验研究，结果表明，废水中各类高分子量有机污染物是形成色度的主要来源，此类物质在菌对数生长阶段被大量降解。