海洋颗粒有机碳的遥感探测与应用分析

海洋颗粒有机碳(POC)监测对研究海洋碳循环和全球变化有重要意义。为寻求POC探测的有效方法,先讨论了POC的定义组成,介绍了POC的常规测定方法及国内外POC相关研究进展,接着介绍了国外POC遥感探测方法原理。通过对常规测定方法和遥感探测方法优缺点对比分析,我们认为遥感探测海洋POC方法将成为海洋环境监测的重要手段。采用2009年8月的MODIS数据,借鉴蓝绿光比值法建立的POC遥感反演模型,进行了渤海POC的遥感探测,从大尺度揭示了整个渤海POC的分布态势,最高值达370 mg/m3。结果表明:POC遥感探测方法可有效、迅捷、直观反映海区POC变化,因此研究建立具有区域特点的POC生物光学遥感模型用于POC监测,将是海洋环境监测和海洋碳循环研究的重要方向之一。     

环境空气中铅监测的质量控制

环境空气中铅测定受到诸多因素的影响,为了保证监测结果的准确可靠,在实际监测工作中必须加强质量控制。本文根据有关资料,并结合多年从事环境监测工作的经验,从基础条件、采样、样品前处理与分析过程、数据记录与审核等几个环节对环境空气中铅监测的质量控制进行了研究,并提出了做好环境空气中铅监测工作的具体办法,以为环境监测管理提供可靠依据。     

营养盐水平对念珠藻胞外有机物产生的影响

以我国湖泊典型固氮蓝藻发状念珠藻(Nostoc flagelliforme)为研究对象,考察了氮、磷营养盐对发状念珠藻生长特性及其胞外有机物产生的影响.采用藻细胞浓度计数法表征发状念珠藻生长特性;分别采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)和紫外-可见光谱法,从总量和主要物质方面分析了发状念珠藻胞外有机物的产生规律.结果表明,在不同氮、磷营养水平下,发状念珠藻的4个关键生长时期基本相同,氮是控制发状念珠藻生长的关键营养控制要素;氮营养元素浓度的增高,有利于发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物,其产生量逐渐增大,而磷营养元素浓度的增高对胞外有机物产生量贡献较小,氮营养盐是发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物的关键限制因子;通过EEM谱图分析,发状念珠藻胞外有机物主要以类氨基酸类物质和类富里酸物质为主.以磷为控制营养盐时,类富里酸是主要的胞外有机物之一,以氮为控制营养盐时,类富里酸产生量极低;作为主要的胞外有机物,蛋白质和碳水化合物的产生规律显著不同,其中蛋白质含量显著高于碳水化合物含量.     

粒级、pH和有机质对汞在松花江沉积物表面吸附-解吸的影响

为进一步揭示汞在松花江沉积物表面的环境行为,通过模拟实验,研究粒级、pH和溶解性有机质(DOM)对汞在松花江沉积物表面吸附-解吸量的影响.结果表明,不同粒级沉积物的吸附能力差别较大,本实验条件下,沉积物粒级越小,其吸附能力越强.在各种浓度的实验设计组中均有:pH由3.5升高至4.5时,吸附量增加,当pH4.5时,随pH的继续升高吸附量开始降低;沉积物中汞的解吸量随pH的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势变化,各体系的最小值均出现在pH5.柠檬酸对沉积物吸附汞的影响以抑制作用为主,其抑制作用强度与吸附体系中汞浓度有关;柠檬酸对解吸量的影响也比较明显,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,对沉积物中汞解吸作用的影响表现为促进-抑制-稳定的变化趋势.因此,以上因素对汞在沉积物表面吸附-解吸的影响较大,在进行河流汞污染控制及突发污染事件处理时,有必要充分考虑以上因素的影响.     

巢湖周围池塘氮、磷和有机质研究

巢湖周围池塘众多,根据池塘位置和地表径流补给差异,池塘可以分为村庄内池塘、毗邻村庄池塘和农田区域池塘(远离村庄的池塘).本研究采集了巢湖周围136口池塘上覆水和沉积物样品,调查巢湖周围池塘中氮、磷以及有机质污染现状.结果表明,池塘上覆水中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、溶解态磷和COD平均含量分别为2.53、0.65、0.18、0.02、0.97、0.38和51.58mg·L-1;池塘沉积物中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、无机磷、有机磷和烧失量平均含量分别为1575.36、35.73、13.30、2.88、933.19、490.14、414.75mg·kg-1和5.44%;90%以上的池塘总氮、总磷含量达到或超过富营养化水平.位于村庄内的池塘上覆水和沉积物中总氮和氨氮的含量显著高于位于农田区域的池塘.上覆水和沉积物中无机氮表现为:氨氮硝态氮亚硝态氮.池塘上覆水和沉积物中有机质与总氮、总磷之间存在显著的正相关性.池塘中氮、磷和有机物质主要为陆源性输入,池塘位置和径流补给方式明显影响其中的氮、磷和有机质含量.通过截留径流中的氮、磷和有机质,池塘能够有效减少进入巢湖的营养盐含量.     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

自然保护区生态补偿定量方案研究——基于“虚拟地”计算方法

自然保护区生态补偿的“补给谁”和“补多少”在理论和实践上都是生态补偿中的重点和难点所在。传统的通过计量保护区正外部性以确定生态补偿数量的方法存在两个主要问题：一是违背经济学原理,二是与管理体制不符且法理不足。据此,并考虑到中国相当数量的保护区“没有保护好”的主要因素是保护区社区居民生产生活的干扰,论文认为应通过控制保护区社区的负外部性来达成对保护区的生态补偿。通过生产函数理论分析,发现通常情况下保护区社区的经济产出与土地面积单调正相关,因此在没有生态补偿的情况下,保护区的划建会使周边社区居民经济收入减少,解决周边社区对保护区干扰的根本途径是利用生态补偿资金发展替代产业以提高单位面积土地的经济产出。以此认识为基础,文章提出了“虚拟地”概念并发展了定量方法来确定保护区的生态补偿最低标准,采用武夷山保护区的数据进行了这一方法的案例分析。     

羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸的差异分析

应用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原的生态系统呼吸CO2通量进行了测算,分析了生态系统呼吸的影响因素,比较了2种草原生态系统呼吸的差异并分析了产生差异的原因.观测期间羊草草原生态系统呼吸CO2通量平均为(12.03±2.10)mg·(m2·min)-1,显著低于贝加尔针茅草原[(20.09±4.41)mg·(m2·min)-1];而羊草草原生物量显著大于贝加尔针茅草原(p0.001).羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸都与温度(箱内气温、5cm和15cm地温)具有显著的指数函数关系.通过偏相关分析发现,在地温作为控制变量时,生态系统呼吸与土壤Eh、pH间不再具有显著的相关性,Eh、pH对CO2通量的影响可能是由地温变化间接引起的,而CO2通量与活体生物量呈现出了一定的相关性,与凋落物生物量无显著相关性.2种草原的CO2通量都可以用温度指数模型进行很好地模拟,基于地温的模拟效果(R2为0.568～0.639)显著好于基于箱内气温的(R2为0.323～0.426).地温是2种草原生态系统呼吸最重要的影响因素,它掩盖了地上部植物体对生态系统呼吸的影响.在该区域,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例较高,贝加尔针茅草原较高的有机质含量导致了其生态系统呼吸CO2通量较高.     

A~2/O工艺厌氧池有机物降解动力学模型对比研究

试验考察了东阿县污水处理厂一期A2/O工艺厌氧池去除有机污染物效能,当进水ρ(COD)为548.3 mg/L时,厌氧池平均去除率达78.7%。同时探讨了几种常见数学模型模拟厌氧池去除有机物规律情况,根据实际工程监测数据确定有机底物降解动力学常数,得出Grau模型、Stover-kincannon模型和改进的Monod模型较适合模拟厌氧池去除有机物的规律,并对模型进行了检验。     

Potential particulate pollution derived from UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide

UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was carried out in a static White cell chamber with UV irradiation. The combination of in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) technique, filter sampling and ion chromatographic (IC) analysis was used to monitor the gaseous and potential particulate products. During 240 min of UV irradiation, the degradation e ciency of DMS attained 20.9%, and partially oxidized sulfur-containing gaseous products, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were identified by in situ FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Accompanying with the oxidation of DMS, suspended particles were directly detected to be formed by WPS techniques. These particles were measured mainly in the size range of accumulation mode, and increased their count median diameter throughout the whole removal process. IC analysis of the filter samples revealed that methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other unidentified chemicals accounted for the major non-refractory compositions of these particles. Based on products analysis and possible intermediates formed, the degradation pathways of DMS were proposed as the combination of the O(1D)- and the OH- initiated oxidation mechanisms. A plausible formation mechanism of the suspended particles was also analyzed. It is concluded that UV-induced degradation of odorous DMS is potentially a source of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere.