残疾人疏散安全研究现状与发展趋势

从残疾人类别、个体疏散能力与群体影响以及疏散环境3个方面汇总分析了目前国内外残疾人疏散安全研究现状,认为今后该研究方向应重点研究和解决以下6个问题,即残疾人的分类、对各类别进行系统研究、扩大样本量、残疾群体与健康群体在疏散过程中的相互影响、残疾人运动能力与运动距离的关系以及疏散环境对残疾人疏散能力的影响。     

Linking Riparian Dynamics and Groundwater: An Ecohydrologic Approach to Modeling Groundwater and Riparian Vegetation

The growing use of global freshwater supplies is increasing the need for improved modeling of the linkage between groundwater and riparian vegetation. Traditional groundwater models such as MODFLOW have been used to predict changes in regional groundwater levels, and thus riparian vegetation potential attributable to anthropogenic water use. This article describes an approach that improves on these modeling techniques through several innovations. First, evapotranspiration from riparian/wetland systems is modeled in a manner that more realistically reflects plant ecophysiology and vegetation complexity. In the authors’ model programs (RIP-ET and PRE-RIP-ET), the single, monotonically increasing evapotranspiration flux curve in traditional groundwater models is replaced with a set of ecophysiologically based curves, one for each plant functional group present. For each group, the curve simulates transpiration declines that occur both as water levels decline below rooting depths and as waters rise to levels that produce anoxic soil conditions. Accuracy is further improved by more effective spatial handling of vegetation distribution, which allows modeling of surface elevation and depth to water for multiple vegetation types within each large model cell. The use of RIP-ET in groundwater models can improve the accuracy of basin scale estimates of riparian evapotranspiration rates, riparian vegetation water requirements, and water budgets. Two case studies are used to demonstrate that RIP-ET produces significantly different evapotranspiration estimates than the traditional method. When combined with vegetation mapping and a supporting program (RIP-GIS), RIP-ET also enables predictions of riparian vegetation response to water use and development scenarios. The RIP-GIS program links the head distribution from MODFLOW with surface digital elevation models, producing moderate- to high-resolution depth-to-groundwater maps. Together with information on plant rooting depths, these can be used to predict vegetation response to water allocation decisions. The different evapotranspiration outcomes produced by traditional and RIP-ET approaches affect resulting interpretations of hydro-vegetation dynamics, including the effects of groundwater pumping stress on existing habitats, and thus affect subsequent policy decisions.     

EFFICIENTLY REDUCING NONPOINT PHOSPHORUS LOADS TO LAKES AND RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Several problems that make it difficult to deal with water pollution from cropland are identified. The most immediate need is for a rational framework for determining where conservation programs can make an impact on eutrophication problems in reservoirs draining rural watersheds. This includes estimating the level of control that would be required for each local farm situation and the economic impacts for the planning area. A modeling approach is suggested for a planning area in Southeastern Pennsylvania.     

道路灰尘PGEs时间变化特征

为了研究道路灰尘铂族元素（PGEs）时间变化规律及其影响机制,以上海市为研究区,共采集季节样品24个、年际样品18个.用王水消解制样,ICP-MS测定.结果表明,灰尘PGEs春、夏、秋、冬含量分别为,Rh：10.40（6.06～17.28）ng/g、11.60（5.52～20.11）ng/g、32.91（18.53～6...     

土地利用方式对会仙岩溶湿地土壤真菌群落和功能类群的影响

研究土地利用对会仙湿地土壤真菌群落及其功能类群特性的影响,可以为湿地的保护提供理论依据.以芦苇湿地(PCW)、华科拉莎草湿地(CCW)、稻田撂荒地(APF)、稻田(PF)和玉米地(CF)为研究样地,采用高通量测序法对不同土地利用土壤真菌群落结构进行分析,利用FUNGuild数据库对真菌的功能类群进行预测.结果表明,PF和CF的Simpson指数和Shannon指数显著高于PCW和CCW;在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为5种土地利用的最优势菌,丰度为70.60%～87.02%,隐真菌门(Rozellomycota)为PCW的次优势菌,丰度为7.14%;担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为CCW、 APF、 PF和CF的次优势菌,丰度分别为9.70%、 5.19%、 8.13%和7.50%.在目水平上,PCW中最优势菌为格孢菌目(Pleosporales),丰度为16.47%; CCW、 APF、 PF和CF的最优势菌均为肉座菌目(Hypocreales),丰度分别为22.52%、 23.50%、 17.60和23.80%.在属水平上,PCW和CCW中的最优势菌分别为粪盘...     

能见度降低条件下楼梯上行疏散实验研究

为探究地下公共建筑能见度降低场景中,个体及小群体楼梯上行疏散特征,在某公共建筑楼梯间进行个体疏散和小群体疏散实验,分析不同能见度条件下个体在梯段及平台上的疏散速度、疏散行为、小群体特征等关键参数。研究结果表明：梯段速度受能见度影响程度大于平台速度,在正常能见度条件下,小群体行为会对疏散移动速度产生负面影响,在低能见度条件下,小群体行为有助于提升疏散效率,表现在小群体平均速度高于群体中最慢个体速度且小群体和个体之间的速度差异较小。     

ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤半焦表面性质及其中高温脱汞性能的影响

利用ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤进行浸渍后在700℃条件下热解制备改性半焦,采用N2吸附/脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等手段对ZnCl_2处理前后两种半焦表面物化性质进行了表征,在小型固定床反应器上研究了ZnCl_2溶液浸渍处理前后褐煤半焦对气态单质汞(Hg~0)的脱除性能.结果表明,经过ZnCl_2处理得到的半焦(ZSC)具有发达的孔隙结构,其表面含氧官能团含量和数量有所提高,并出现了新的C-Cl基团;在100~360℃温度范围内,制备的改性半焦ZSC的脱汞效率随温度升高而降低,但在中高温条件下仍表现出良好的脱汞性能;在化学吸附过程中,气态Hg0被C-Cl基团氧化为HgCl或HgCl_2,同时Hg~0与半焦表面含氧官能团结合生成HgO,Hg~0最终以HgCl_2或HgO的形式附着在半焦表面.     

老化作用对微塑料吸附镉的影响及其机制

新兴污染物微塑料被证实可吸附传统重金属污染物镉(Cd),而其在自然环境中不可避免地经历老化过程而发生改变,目前囊括多种材质的微塑料并涉及关键的老化作用对其吸附Cd影响的综合性和机制性的研究仍缺乏.选取PS、ABS、PP、PVC和PET等5种代表性的微塑料,通过紫外辐射法进行老化,全面对比了老化前后微塑料比表面积、结晶度...     

Social dominance in migrant and resident turkey vultures at carcasses: evidence for a despotic distribution?

We placed carcasses in three different vegetation types in the heterogeneous savannas of central Venezuela to investigate the role of social dominance in habitat use by flocking migrant and resident turkey vultures (Cathartes aura meridionalis and C. a. ruficollis). Migrants foraged primarily in savanna habitats while residents foraged almost exclusively in gallery forest. In the gallery forest residents discovered carrion first significantly more often than migrants, despite there being equal densities of residents and migrants foraging over this habitat. Because residents fed in smaller groups than migrants at carcasses they had higher feeding rates. There was also a negative relationship between group sizes of residents and migrants. The feeding rate of residents declined in response to increased group size of migrants, but group size of residents had no effect. Migrant group size also had a greater effect on resident feeding rates than king vulture presence or absence. When the effect of migrant and resident group size on feeding rates in migrants was compared, the most significant factor was migrant group size. A second analysis showed that both resident group size and presence or absence of king vultures had a significant effect on feeding rates in migrants. Rates of agonistic encounters in migrant and resident turkey vultures increased weakly in relation to group size. However, there was an increase in residents' encounter rate with migrants in relation to increased migrant group size; there was no difference in resident encounter rates with other residents in relation to resident group size. Migrants dominated residents in almost all agonistic interactions over carcasses. We suggest that savanna habitats were less attractive to residents for foraging because they held larger groups of migrants.     

层次分析模糊群体决策法评价大气环境质量

提出了层次分析模糊群体决策评价方法以层次分析法作定权方法,采用模糊群体决策法中的Ｂｏｒｄａ法为评价方法,对大气环境质量进行评价,并将评价结果与灰色聚类法,模糊综合评判法所得评价结果进行对比,结果令人满意。