SRIS对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除效能及微生态分析

针对垃圾渗滤液中ρ（NH₃-N）较高、可生化性较差、处理困难的问题,以老龄垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,探讨了改良SRIS（土地快速渗滤系统）对NH₃-N的处理效果与最高处理负荷量,同时分析了系统不同深度的ρ（NH₃-N）的变化,并利用高通量测序技术分析了进水前、后系统中的微生物群落演替情况.结果表明:①在进水ρ（NH₃-N）为125 mg/L左右、水力负荷为0.11 m3/（m2·d）、进水频率为1次/d下,垃圾渗滤液经改良SRIS的一级、二级渗滤柱处理后出水ρ（NH₃-N）平均值为3 mg/L,NH₃-N去除率在97.5%以上;提高水力负荷为0.22 m3/（m2·d）后,NH₃-N去除率为87.27%;进水频率改为2次/d,NH₃-N去除率达到96.17%.②改良SRIS的一级、二级渗滤柱所能处理的最高NH₃-N去除量分别为200和110 mg/L,并且主要在下层和底层部分发生去除.③改良SRIS中下层微生物群落多样性最为丰富,微生物群落以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,在属水平下微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）相对丰度最高,同时还存在多种有利于NH₃-N去除的硝化、反硝化细菌以及浮霉菌,为NH₃-N的去除提供了保障.研究显示,改良SRIS对垃圾渗滤液中NH₃-N具有良好的去除效果,可为老龄垃圾渗滤液的有效处理提供借鉴.      

自然生境中厌氧氨氧化功能微生物生态学研究进展

自然生境中发生的厌氧氨氧化过程是继反硝化和好氧氨氧化后的又一条氮损失途径,对全球生态系统氮循环具有重要意义,但不同自然生态系统中存在不同种类的厌氧氨氧化微生物.通过阐述厌氧氨氧化反应发生的生理机制,并对不同自然环境中发现的厌氧氨氧化功能微生物进行梳理,分析了厌氧氨氧化菌分布的空间异质性成因.结果表明,适量的无机氮可以促进厌氧氨氧化的发生,有机碳含量低和低氧条件更有利于厌氧氨氧化菌的生存且厌氧氨氧化的活性较高,这与厌氧氨氧化菌的化能自养代谢途径有着紧密的联系,低养分条件下反硝化菌的活性受到短暂抑制,促进了厌氧氨氧化的发生.同时,适当的高盐环境会提高厌氧氨氧化活性并促进厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构转变,高盐度环境下Scalindua属占优势,低盐度环境下Brocadia属更占优势.厌氧氨氧化菌对温度变化有很好的适应性,大部分厌氧氨氧化菌（如Scalindua属、Kuenenia属和Brocadia属）对于极端环境均有较强的环境适应性;此外,悬浮颗粒物浓度、含水量等因素也会影响厌氧氨氧化菌的分布及其代谢活性.建议今后从基因组学、蛋白组学和转录组学相结合的角度对自然环境中的厌氧氨氧化菌开展生理生态机理的研究,并探明厌氧条件下Fe3+、Mn4+、SO₄2-等电子受体与厌氧氨氧化过程的生物化学联系,以更好地应用于工程技术研究,并为生态环境修复提供理论依据.      

氨精制产品质量影响因素及改进措施

阐述了浓氨水循环洗涤法脱硫工艺原理，原则流程，开工、运行过程中存在的问题及解决方案，影响液氨产品质量因素及采取的措施，以及对原林源石化公司含硫法水汽提-氨精制系统不足提出的改进建议。     

Suitability of Crangonyx pseudogracilis (Crustacea: Amphipoda) as an Early Warning Indicator in the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor (9 pp)

Background Biological monitors are increasingly important in 'Biological Early Warning Systems' (BEWS) for monitoring water quality. This study examines the freshwater amphipod Crangonyx pseudogracilis as a potential new indicator species when used in the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor (MFB). The MFB is an online continuous biomonitor which uses impedance conversion to record behavioural responses of vertebrates and invertebrates. Methods Four experiments were undertaken to establish: (1) if the electrical field generated by the MFB affected the organisms' behaviour, (2) if defined behaviours and their response to a gradient of ammonium chloride could be detected by the MFB, (3) if there was variation in the behaviour of C. pseudogracilis over a diel cycle, and (4) if behaviour changed significantly in response to a pulse of ammonium chloride. Results and Discussion Results showed no significant effect of the MFB's current on behaviour of C. pseudogracilis. Four behaviours; swimming, walking, grooming and inactivity, were observed and identified in the MFB. In the MFB, each behaviour changed significantly in response to an increasing gradient of ammonium chloride exposure. The MFB also detected increases in nocturnal activity by C. pseudogracilis. The MFB also detected a significant increase in activity after a pulse of ammonium chloride. Conclusion The range of behaviours exhibited by Crangonyx pseudogracilis, together with its ease of culture, suggest future potential of this species as an indicator species for the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor. Recommendations and Perspective . Further testing is required over a range of toxicants and concentration gradients to establish threshold responses and the full compliment of behaviours that could be useful in online biomonitoring.     

EFFECTS OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT ON THE QUALITY OF WHITE RIVER,INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: In 1983, the City of Indianapolis, Indiana, completed construction of advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) systems to enlarge and upgrade its existing Belmont Road and South port Road secondary treatment plants. A nonparametric statistical procedure, a modified form of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test, was used to test for trends in water quality at two upstream and two downstream sites on White River and at the two treatment plants. Results comparing the pre- (1978–1980) and post- (1983–1986) AWT periods show statistically significant improvements in the quality of the treated effluent and of the White River downstream from the plants. Water quality at sites upstream from the city was relatively constant during the period of study. Total ammonia (as N) decreased 14.6 mg/L and BOD₅ (five-day biochemical oxygen demand) decreased 10 to 19 mg/L in the two effluents. Total ammonia in the river downstream from the plants decreased 0.8 to 1.9 mg/L and BOD₅ decreased 2.3 to 2.5 mg/L. Nitrate (as N) increased 14.5 mg/L in the plant effluents and 2.0 to 2.4 mg/L in the river because of in-plant nitrification. Dissolved oxygen concentration in the river increased about 3 mg/L because of reduced oxygen demand for nitrification and biochemical oxidation processes.     

蒙德法在火电厂液氨储罐评价单元的应用

火电厂液氨储罐单元存在大量高纯度的液氨,一旦发生火灾、爆炸,后果极其严重。为了研究液氨储罐的火灾爆炸危险性及毒性,在对火电厂液氨储罐危险性辨识的基础上,依据液氨储罐单元的主要参数,运用蒙德法分别确定评价中需要的各种危险性系数,从而进行各项指标计算,查询危险性等级表,将各项指标进行等级划分,结论表明各项危险等级都很高。在得出结论基础上,进行安全措施补偿评价,补偿后的各种危险等级均降低,可见采取补偿措施后能够一定程度的降低火灾、爆炸、毒性的危险性,防止事故的发生。     

HAZOP和LOPA方法在食品企业氨制冷系统中的应用

为评估食品企业氨制冷系统所处的风险状态,文章在HAZOP方法和LOPA方法理论研究的基础上,将其组合应用于食品企业氨制冷系统的风险评估中,以提前识别可能导致事故的原因和后果,确定现有防控措施是否足够、有效,并将风险控制在可接受水平。通过对氨制冷系统中低压循环桶液位过高场景的实例分析,得出该场景下的剩余风险基本在企业可接受范围内,不需要增加独立安全仪表系统的结论,为食品企业安全管理决策提供了科学依据。     

水分调节材料对牛粪堆肥氨气挥发的影响

利用通风式堆肥发酵方式研究了牛粪堆制过程中氨气的挥发特征和锯末、稻壳、稻草等不同水分调节材料对氨气挥发的影响。结果表明,牛粪堆制过程中主要在前期,尤其是在最初的2周内释放氨气;堆肥期间挥发的氨态氮约为牛粪总含氮量的17%～50%。不同水分调节材料都可以在一定程度上抑制氨气的挥发,但锯末抑制氨气挥发效果最好,其次是稻壳,稻草抑制氨气挥发的效果较小。因此,为了减少氮素损失,应采取适当措施抑制氨挥发或回收挥发的氨气。     

水中氨氮挥发影响因素探讨

本文介绍了水中氨氮挥发的影响因素。水中氨氮挥发速率常数随水的ｐＨ值和水温升高而增加，水面风速大则常数值也大，大气压高的地区的挥发速率常数小于大气压低者。与蒸馏水体系相比，在实验条件相同时滇胡水中氨氮挥发速率常数小。     

沉水植物黑藻对沉积物氨氮吸附/释放特征的影响

氮素是主要的湖泊营养盐,而沉水植物作为湖泊生态系统主要的组成部分,对系统中氮素的跨界面迁移有着重要的影响。在实验室模拟条件下,通过沉积物氨氮释放动力学、吸附热力学和吸附动力学实验,研究了沉水植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticilla)对沉积物氨氮吸附/释放特征的影响,得到如下结论:(1)一级动力学反应模型能较好地拟合沉积物氨氮释放的动力学过程,种植沉水植物没有影响氨氮释放的趋势,但增强了沉积物释放氨氮的能力;(2)分别用多个模型对沉积物氨氮吸附热力学和动力学过程进行拟合,结果均表明种植沉水植物以后,沉积物对氨氮吸附的趋势没有影响,但吸附强度有所下降。