Ammonia volatilization and availability of Cu, Zn induced by applications of urea with and without coating in soils

Ammonia volatilization and the distribution of Cu and Zn were investigated in two types of soil treated with coated and uncoated urea. The rate of ammonia volatilization in two weeks after fertilizing with coated urea was 8% in soil 1 (soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain) and 5.15% in soil 2 (red soil derived from quaternary red clay), about half the rates observed when fertilizing with common urea, implying that the hydrolysis speed of the coated urea was lower than for common urea, and that the coated urea can increase nitrogen use efficacy. As for the availability of Cu and Zn, their concentrations decreased in the first week after fertilization, and then increased, which was contrary to the effect of treatment on soil pH. For example, when the pH was 7.99, there was 0.79 mg/kg exchangeable Cu and 0.85 mg/kg exchangeable Zn in the soil derived from river alluvial deposits in Dongting Lake Plain. However, the concentrations of exchangeable Cu and Zn were generally lower for the common urea treatments than those with the coated urea because the peak pH for the common urea treatment was greater. The concentrations of these elements correlated well with pH in the range 4-8 in second order polynomial fits.     

珠江三角洲人为氨源排放清单及特征

根据收集的珠江三角洲(珠三角)人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2006年人为氨源分类别和分城市的排放清单.结果表明:①2006年珠三角地区人为氨源NH3排放总量约为194.8kt;②农业源是珠江三角洲地区人为氨源的主要排放贡献源,其中畜禽源排放的NH3占总排放量的62.1%,其次是氮肥施用源,其贡献率为21.7%;③畜禽源中肉鸡是NH3排放最大贡献源,占畜禽源NH3排放总量的43.4%,其次是肉猪,其贡献率为32.1%;④广州是珠三角地区2006年人为氨源排放量最大的城市,其次是江门,分别占NH3总排放量的23.4%和19.1%,主要的排放源均为畜禽和氮肥施用源.     

厌氧发酵产沼气过程中脱氢酶活性检测工艺及其优化

为了优化脱氢酶活性这一指标在厌氧发酵产沼气系统中的检测方法,分别以小麦秸秆、羊粪及其混合原料(质量比1∶1)为发酵底物,通过Box-Behnken试验及响应面分析法确定并优化了沼气发酵系统中碘硝基四唑紫法脱氢酶活性的检测工艺,并对脱氢酶活性与甲烷产量进行了相关性分析.结果表明,3种底物均以乙醇作为萃取剂,以甲醛作为终止剂时显色效果最好.分别以秸秆、粪便及其混合为发酵底物时,脱氢酶检测在pH值分别为6.5、7.2、7.7,反应温度均在37℃下,碘硝基四唑紫质量分数均为0.15%,反应时间均为50 min时比色效果最好.相关性分析显示,厌氧发酵产沼气系统中脱氢酶活性与甲烷产量相关性显著.     

鸟粪石热解回收法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的研究

采取鸟粪石热解回收,再循环利用的方法去除不同来源渗滤液中的氨氮,以降低投药成本。得到的最佳工艺条件为p H=9.5~10,药品投加量为氨氮浓度1.1倍,反应时间20 min,热解温度为100℃,热解时间4 h以上。热解鸟粪石法去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的效果根据渗滤液本身的性质会产生较大的变化。老龄渗滤液中鸟粪石循环使用20次以后,单位质量的氨氮的去除成本降低至11.63元/kg以下;但在相同工艺条件下处理新鲜渗滤液,鸟粪石循环使用20次以后,单位质量氨氮的去除成本依然维持在35.23元/kg以上。     

人工湿地去除氨氮机理及影响因素研究

人工湿地的脱氮主要是通过水生植物吸收、微生物的硝化和反硝化以及氮的挥发等途径来实现的,微生物的硝化与反硝化是主要的脱氮机制。人工湿地去除氨氮的影响因素很多,不仅受到基质、微生物和水生植物这3种人工湿地构成要素的影响,还受到溶解氧(DO)、pH和温度的影响,改善这些影响因素从而达到良好的脱除氨氮效果。最后对人工湿地基质吸附饱和后再生处理问题进行了探讨。     

中试MBBR装置强化氨氮去除速率的影响条件研究

采用中试MBBR组合工艺处理深圳市布吉河道的城镇污水,进水平均氨氮浓度为(25.88±7.73)mg/L,出水平均为(1.11±1.93)mg/L.单因素小试研究表明,反应器中挂有生物膜的悬浮填料具有强化氨氮去除的效果,投加该填料时获得的比氨氧化速率比采用活性污泥进行反应提高了25.5%;试验条件下通过投加甲醇将COD从139mg/L提高至587mg/L,比氨氧化速率从2.55mg/(gMLVSS·h)下降至1.91mg/(gMLVSS·h);当MLVSS浓度从0.45g/L逐步提高到4.05g/L时,容积氨氧化速率从3.68mg/(L·h)线性增加至7.82mg/(L?h),拟合度R2为0.967,但比氨氧化速率随MLVSS浓度的提高反而逐渐下降,从8.24mg/(gMLVSS·h)降至1.93mg/(gMLVSS·h);当温度从5℃升高到35℃,比氨氧化速率从0.99mg/(gMLVSS·h)提高至2.89mg/(gMLVSS·h),采用Arrhenius经验方程描述时,拟合度R2为0.970;当DO浓度从0.5mg/L逐步增加至4.0mg/L时,比氨氧化速率从0.62mg/(gMLVSS·h)提高至2.28mg/(gMLVSS·h),Monod方程可以很好的描述DO浓度与比氨氧化速率之间的关系,拟合度R2为0.994,氨氧化半饱和常数值为3.0mg O2/L.     

长株潭地区人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的长株潭地区各类人为源氨排放的活动水平数据和排放系数,建立了长株潭地区2013年人为源氨排放清单,并根据空间特征数据进行了3 km×3km的空间网格分配.结果表明,长株潭地区2013年人为源氨排放总量为7.27×10~4t,排放强度为2.59 t·km~(-2);其中,畜禽养殖业和农田生态系统为最主要的氨排放源,氨排放分担率分别达58.60%和29.73%;畜禽养殖业中,肉牛、蛋鸡和肉猪是主要贡献源,分别占畜禽养殖业氨排放总量的26.26%、21.40%和18.43%;宁乡县、湘潭县和浏阳市为氨排放量较大的县市,分别占长株潭地区氨排放总量的17.49%、12.82%和12.02%;石峰区和岳塘区的氨排放强度最大,分别达到了9.14 t·km~(-2)和5.01 t·km~(-2).空间分布特征显示排放量较大的网格主要是大型点源.     

氨法脱硫技术在化工企业燃煤锅炉中的应用

介绍了LS氨法喷雾烟气脱硫技术在云南解化集团有限公司的使用情况，针对化工企业实际情况和应用过程中出现的问题，提出改进措施和技术创新，使该项技术在应用中更加完善。     

Aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a Proteobacteria strain in a closed culture system

The contamination of methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE） in underground waters has become a widely concerned problem all over the world. In this study, a novel dosed culture system with oxygen supplied by H2O2 was introduced for MTBE aerobic biodegradation. After 7 d, almost all MTBE was degraded by a pure culture, a member of β-Proteobacteria named as PMI, in a closed system with oxygen supply, while only 40% MTBE was degraded in one without oxygen supply. Dissolved oxygen （DO） levels of the broth in closed systems respectively with and without H2O2 were about 5-6 and 4 mg/L. Higher DO may improve the activity of monooxygemase, which is the key enzyme of metabolic pathway from MTBE to tert-butyl alcohol and finally to CO2, and may result in the increase of the degrading activity of PM1 cell. The purge and trap GC-MS result of the broth in closed systems showed that tea-butyl alcohol, isopronol and acetone were the main intermediate products.     

双氰胺对冬闲稻田和油菜地N2O排放的影响

冬季的温室气体排放往往被忽视,而最新的研究结果表明,冬闲稻田和冬季油菜地N_2O排放仍较大,研究相应的减排措施及减排机制对于减少农田土壤N_2O排放有重要意义.在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站选择冬闲稻田和油菜地两种不同土地利用方式,并设置添加和不添加双氰胺(DCD)处理,采用静态箱采集和气相色谱法结合监测N_2O排放动态,利用分子生物学手段分析氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落结构和丰度变化.结果表明,添加DCD后明显抑制了冬闲稻田和油菜地N_2O排放,分别减少了36.7%和23.6%.DCD施入抑制了冬闲稻田AOA和AOB的丰度但只改变AOA的群落结构,DCD使AOA和AOB丰度分别减少了59.3%和73.7%.与此相反,添加DCD只改变油菜地AOB的群落结构同时只抑制了AOB的丰度.本研究表明,施加DCD能有效减少冬闲稻田和冬季油菜地N_2O排放,但减排机制不一致.