制药废水采用微生物絮凝剂和粉煤灰过滤预处理的初步试验研究

初步研究一种用于高浓度制药废水的预处理工艺方法。采用微生物絮凝剂和粉煤灰过滤相结合的预处理工艺,其综合的效果可以将高浓度制药废水中的COD去除80%,基本脱色澄清,且可以将对生化处理有抑制作用的抗生素效价予以降低。并初步讨论了该工艺在实际生产中的可行性。     

固定化微生物技术在废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种高效的废水生物处理技术,具有能保持高效菌种,稳定性强,反应易于控制,污泥产生量少,能够去除高浓度有机物及难降解物质等优点。对载体的选择及常用的固定化方法进行了介绍,分析了各种方法与载体在应用中的优缺点。重点叙述了固定化微生物技术在含难降解有机物废水、含重金属离子废水、含高浓度有机废水、含氮含磷废水中的应用现状。但要实现其工业化,仍然有诸多问题需要解决,主要包括：固定化参数的建立、载体的选择、运行成本的削减等。     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

宿根甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性分析中培养法与非培养法比较研究

采用培养法和非培养法提取甘蔗根际土壤微生物的总DNA,基于通用引物PCR扩增构建两种方法的细菌16SrDNA文库,并进行核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性内切酶分析(ARDRA),通过部分克隆序列测定构建细菌克隆文库的系统发育树,进而对基于传统的细菌平板培养法和直接提取总细菌DNA的非培养法进行比较分析.结果显示,非培养法文库的香侬–威纳指数、辛普森指数、丰富度分别为4.94、0.998、28.91,均高于培养法文库中相应的多样性参数(分别为4.27、0.996、16.79),均一度数值都>0.95.结合统计学数据和序列测定信息,反映出甘蔗根际土壤存在着丰富的细菌多样性,但平板培养法所展现的多样性低于直接提取法,表明前者存在着很大的局限性,而非培养法文库中主要是未培养微生物的16S rDNA序列,这从一个侧面反映了土壤样品中未培养微生物占很大比例.因此,在土壤微生物群落研究中,必须结合新的分子生态学技术手段,如采用直接提取总DNA的方法进行研究,才能比较全面地认识土壤微生物多样性.图3表3参18     

沼液对甘蓝连作土壤生物学性质的影响

以施用化肥225 kg/hm2为对照,设置两种不同的沼液用量(以纯氮计):沼液I(168 kg/hm2)和沼液II(225 kg/hm2),通过连续3 a的甘蓝种植试验,研究沼液对甘蓝连作土壤微生物区系、土壤酶活性以及土壤养分与土壤酶活性之间的相关性.结果表明:1)施用沼液显著改善了连作土壤的微生物区系,溶磷细菌、解钾细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌和放线菌的数量显著增加;同时抑制了真菌的富集.两种不同用量的沼液处理较化肥处理的土壤细菌/真菌(B/F)值分别提高了142.7%和202.3%.2)在225 kg/hm2等氮水平下,施用沼液显著提高了土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性,较之化肥处理分别提高了63.96%、137.61%和139.66%;同时显著降低了土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.3)土壤养分与土壤酶活性相关性分析表明,有机质含量与土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关,而与多酚氧化酶活性无明显相关性;磷酸酶活性与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关;蛋白酶活性与土壤碱解氮、全氮含量呈显著正相关.表4参24     

稳定性同位素DNA-SIP示踪中性紫色土的氨氧化过程

研究表明酸性土壤中氨氧化作用主要是由氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)催化进行;而在中性和碱性土壤中则主要是由氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)主导.虽然AOA在中性土壤中具有很高的丰度,但其对硝化过程的贡献仍不清楚.因此本文选取p H为7. 2的中性紫色土为研究对象,通过稳定性同位素核酸探针技术结合克隆测序探究中性紫色土中活性氨氧化微生物群落组成.结果表明中性紫色土的净硝化速率为9. 68 mg·(kg·d)~(-1),AOA和AOB在中性紫色土中均有较高的丰度且共同推动硝化作用的进行.系统发育分析结果表明培养初期(0d)在数量上占优势的AOB为Nitrosospira Cluster 3a. 1,而Nitrosospira Cluster 3a. 2只占较小的一部分,经过56d的培养后Nitrosospira Cluster 3a. 2替代了Nitrosospira Cluster 3a. 1成为主导氨氧化的活性AOB.培养初期(0d)在数量上占优势的AOA是Nitrososphaera Subcluster 9,但经过培养后变为Nitrososphaera Subcluster 3. 2/3. 3.在培养期间AOA和AOB的群落结构均发生了改变.对~(13)C标记DNA的测序分析证明AOA和AOB在硝化过程中都起着重要作用,主导氨氧化的活性AOA和AOB主要分别隶属于Nitrososphaera Subcluster 3. 2/3. 3和Nitrosospira Cluster 3a. 2.本研究明确了AOA及AOB对中性紫色土氨氧化过程的推动作用并从微生物层面探究硝化作用的发生机制,为进一步研究紫色土中硝化作用提供理论基础.     

A2/O与倒置A2/O工艺低温条件下的氨氮去除能力解析

对相同进水、平行运行的A²/O与倒置A²/O工艺的冬季氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）去除能力进行了全面解析.在运行水温为14℃时,倒置A²/O工艺表现出更低的NH₄⁺-N容积去除负荷［0.13 kg·（m³·d）^-1和0.29 kg·（m³·d）^-1］和氨氧化速率（AOR）［0.07 kg·（kg·d）^-1和0.11 kg·（kg·d）^-1］,而26℃时两个工艺则相差无几.两个平行工艺中的氨氧化菌（AOB）种群定量结果几乎始终相等（倒置A²/O工艺为3.2%±0.24%,A²/O工艺为3.4%±0.31%）.克隆文库分析的结果表明,造成低温时倒置A²/O工艺中具有较低氨氮去除能力的原因是其AOB优势种属为AOR较慢的慢生型（K-生长策略）亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）,而在A²/O工艺中则为AOR较快的快生型（r-生长策略）亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomonas）;而在26℃环境下两个工艺中的优势种属则均为Nitrosomonas.结合对污染物沿程去除过程的全面分析,发现尽管温度是决定AOB优势种属演替的首要原因,但由于倒置A²/O的工艺结构变化造成其好氧单元具有较高的COD负荷和高NH₄⁺-N浓度等不利于AOB生长的因素,决定了其可以在常规城市污水的条件下出现K-生长策略型的优势AOB种属.因此倒置A²/O针对异养菌（聚磷菌与反硝化菌）的工艺构造变化却通过COD负荷等间接影响到自养型氨氧化菌的种群分布与演替,并最终造成工艺在低温条件下硝化能力的减弱.     

厌氧生物处理技术发展概况

从厌氧微生物的发现及应用,详细阐述厌氧生物处理技术的发展历程,分析了厌氧生物处理技术在国内外的应用和发展前景,为厌氧生物处理技术在国内的应用和发展指明方向。     

Quantity and activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria and their contribution to ammonia oxidation in farmland soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is mainly performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, the activities of AOA and AOB in soil and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation are unclear, and whether there is a significant correlation between the quantity of AOA and AOB and the ammonia oxidation rate is also controversial. In this study, quantitative PCR combined with acetylene (C2H2) and 1-octyne inhibition methods were used to determine the quantity and activity of AOA and AOB in wheat, highland barley, and oilseed rape soils in Nyingchi, Lhatse, Sangzhuzi, and Sangri counties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the quantity of AOB ((2.34 ± 0.84) ×105 - (2.65 ± 1.07) ×106 copies g-1 dry soil) was significantly higher than that of AOA ((0.20 ± 0.10) ×104 - (4.02 ± 0.39) ×104 copies g-1 dry soil) in all the soil samples. Soil pH was the key factor affecting the quantity of AOB, and the total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen in soil were the key factors affecting the quantity of AOA. The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse (2.42 ± 0.73 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangzhuzi (3.24 ± 1.15 mg kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than those in the soils of Nyingchi (1.17 ± 0.43 mg kg-1 d-1) and Sangri counties (0.88 ± 0.57 mg kg-1 d-1). The rates of ammonia oxidation in the farmland soils of Lhatse and Sangzhuzi were dominated by AOB, while those in the farmland soils of Nyingchi and Sangri counties were dominated by AOA. For crops, the ammonia oxidation rates of wheat and oilseed rape soils in all four regions were significantly higher than those of highland barley soil, whereas the activity of AOA and AOB was not influenced by crops. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was the key factor influencing AOA activity, whereas soil pH and total carbon were the main factors influencing AOB activity. Additionally, the quantities of AOA and AOB were not significantly correlated with the total ammonia oxidation rates and AOA and AOB activity. Overall, our study suggests that both AOA and AOB play important roles in ammonia oxidation in farmland soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it is unreliable to predict the activity of AOA and AOB and their relative contribution to ammonia oxidation directly based on their number of amoA genes, and the activity of AOA and AOB should be directly and accurately measured. These results are important for understanding ammonia nitrogen removal processes, slowing nitrate loss, and reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in the farmland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

生物法处理棉浆黑液的现场实验研究

利用经驯化的以嗜碱菌群为主的好氧活性污泥及常规厌氧、好氧污泥,针对不同浓度的棉浆黑液在现场进行了单独"好氧"及"好氧-厌氧-好氧"全流程工艺实验。结果表明:对棉浆黑液直接进行好氧曝气,可将原水pH值自12.4左右稳定降低至10以下,COD去除率可达40%左右。全流程实验中厌氧效果显著,pH值最低可降至8.2,整个系统抗冲击能力强,运行稳定,COD总去除率保持在63%以上。