硫酸盐废水生物脱硫研究进展

含硫酸盐废水的污染是一个全球性的问题。生物脱硫技术处理该类废水具有投资少、成本低、去除率高,无二次污染等优点,而成为废水处理技术的前沿课题。文章简要介绍了生物脱硫技术的基本原理;描述了废水脱硫微生物种类及其影响因素;重点阐述了国内外硫酸盐废水生物脱硫工艺的沿革和最新进展,并在此基础上,提出了酸酸盐废水生物脱硫技术的发展前景。     

石油生物脱硫技术研究进展

生物脱硫技术由于具有条件温和、能耗低等优势受到人们关注。对生物脱硫新型微生物的筛选方向、生物脱硫技术中脱硫菌生长以及脱硫限制、传质限制等因素及其近期研究进展等方面进行了介绍,以期促进生物脱硫技术的研究深度。     

Molecular and physiological approaches to understand the ecology of methanol degradation during the biofiltration of air streams

A 13.4 L biofilter treating an off-gas stream supplemented with methanol under two different situations was studied in terms of MeOH removal efficiency, microbial ecology and odor removal. During Period 1 (P1) the reactor was packed with wood bark chips with no pH control, treating an off-gas resulting from the aerobic chamber of a membrane biological reactor treating sewage and located outdoor, whereas during Period 2 (P2) a compressed air stream fed with MeOH was treated using PVC rings and maintaining pH at neutral values. Both systems operated at 96 g MeOH m⁻³ h⁻¹ achieving removal efficiencies of around 90% during P1 and 99.9% during P2. The relative activity of biomass developed in both systems was assessed using respirometric analysis with samples obtained from both biofilms. Higher biomass activity was obtained during P2 (0.25-0.35 kg MeOH kg⁻¹ VSS d⁻¹) whereas 1.1 kg MeOH kg⁻¹ VSS d⁻¹ was obtained in the case of P1. The application of molecular and microscopic techniques showed that the eukaryotes were predominant during P1, being the yeast Candida boidinii the most abundant microorganism. A specific Fluorescence in situ hybridization probe was designed for C. boidinii and tested successfully. As a result of the neutral pH, a clear predominance of prokaryotes was detected during P2. Interestingly, some anaerobic bacteria were detected such as Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacteraceae species and also some archaea such as Methanosarcina.     

污水的微生物除磷技术的研究

污水中含磷物质主要来源于人类活动的排泄物及废弃物、工业合成洗涤剂等。本文分析了应用微生物除磷的环境影响因子,并对这一技术在我国的应用前景做出展望。     

共基质对优势菌降解多环芳烃的作用研究

以萘为唯一碳源驯化长期被焦化废水污染的污泥,7周后,平板划线分离出两株黄杆菌FCN1,FCN2及一株短杆菌BCN1;并利用静态反应曝气及生物摇床试验对其降解菲、芘的效能进行了试验,同时研究了共基质及无机离子对它们降解菲、芘效果的影响.结果发现,BCN1对菲、芘的降解效果最好,淘米水对分离出的三株菌降解菲或芘均有明显的共代谢促进作用.苯酚、尿素、葡萄糖对两株黄杆菌降解菲有抑制作用.加入Fe3+使淘米水在两株黄杆菌降解菲的反应体系中的共代谢促进作用减小,但却增加了短杆菌反应体系中淘米水的促进作用.      

微污染水源水生物处理中硝酸盐氮的变化

通过中试系统和大型工程 ,探讨了微污染水源水生物处理工艺中硝酸盐氮的变化规律。研究表明 ,微污染水源水生物处理工艺中硝酸盐氮的增加是氨氮生物硝化的结果 ;处理系统启动中硝酸盐氮变化率的变化反映了两类硝化细菌在生长速率和转化能力上的协调关系以及生物膜的成熟过程 ,启动结束时硝酸盐氮变化率趋于 1.0 0 ;稳定运行阶段各工况下处理系统硝酸盐氮变化率均在 1.0 0附近 ;水源水中少量的有机氮和亚硝酸盐氮对氨氮硝化过程无明显影响。硝酸盐氮变化率是描述微污染水源水生物处理系统氨氮硝化状况的重要参数。     

光合细菌及活性污泥法联用工艺处理明胶废水试验

研究了光合细菌(photo-synthetic bacteria,简称PSB)及活性污泥法联用工艺处理明胶生产过程中产生的高浓度有机废水的可行性。经过光合细菌及活性污泥先后次序的变换,得出了最优处理工艺。结果表明:PSB+活性污泥工艺、活性污泥+PSB工艺COD去除率平均值分别为94.7%和96.0%;活性污泥+PSB工艺有较强的去除钙质和耐冲击负荷的能力,该工艺适合处理此种含高钙、高氯、高碱明胶的废水。     

甲醇残液生化处理系统中好氧菌特性研究

以甲醇残液生化处理系统中的生物污泥为材料,运用分离技术,获得好氧菌30株。研究了每株细菌的生理生化特性和培养特征,将30株细菌鉴定为9个属,并进一步探讨了甲醇残液生物降解的模式。     

Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

北京市近地层气象要素与大气细菌浓度分布规律的调查研究

以1998年10月的观测资料为例,分析了北京市某地气象要素的变化规律以及该地区大气细菌浓度的分布特征,对两者之间的相互关系进行了初步探讨,发现一天内气象要素及细菌浓度均是周期变化,且两者有一定的相关性。