鸟粪石法沉淀去除氨氮的平衡体系模拟预测

使用化学平衡软件Visual MINTEQ计算拟合鸟粪石(磷酸镁铵,MgNH4PO4·6H2O,MAP)沉淀去除氨氮的平衡体系在不同pH值条件下Mg2+、NH4+和PO34-各组分的变化及饱和指数(SI)的变化.实验和预测结果表明,模型对MAP沉淀平衡体系拟合良好.在本研究的pH值范围内(8.0—11.0),化学平衡模型VisualMINTEQ能预测敞开体系氨氮废水中通过磷酸铵镁沉淀去除的NH4+-N,但不能用来预测敞开体系中所有氨氮的去除,即预测结果中不包括由于氨气挥发而去除的氨氮.     

EGSB反应器中耦合厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的研究

将好氧活性污泥接种于膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,经过120 d的启动运行,形成颗粒污泥.在启动好的EGSB反应器进水中添加亚硝酸盐和氨盐,反应器内温度控制在32～35 ℃,pH为7.5～8.3,氧化还原电位为-150～-40 mV;水力停留时间4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h,经过270 d运行,逐步富集和耦合产甲烷菌、反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在进水ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L,有机容积负荷速率为4.800 kg/(m3·d)(以COD_Cr计)和1.152 kg/(m3·d)(以N计)的条件下,出水ρ(COD_Cr)维持在80 mg/L以下;COD_Cr,氨氮,亚硝态氮和总氮去除率分别为85%, 35%, 99.9%和67%;其去除速率分别稳定在6.12,0.202,0.575和0.777 kg/(m3·d);其中氨氮和总氮的去除速率分别是传统活性污泥法硝化/反硝化(0.05 kg/(m3·d))的4和15.5倍. pH,温度,溶解氧,氧化还原电位,亚硝酸盐和COD_Cr对EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的耦合和颗粒污泥的特性均有影响.      

Fluoride distribution in the environment along the gradient of a phosphate-fertilizer production emission (southern Brazil)

Airborne fluoride was determined in the rainwater, surface soil and groundwater along a gradient of emission of a phosphate fertilizer factory in Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Concentrations of fluoride in rainwater and groundwater achieved 3 mg l⁻¹ and 5 mg l⁻¹, respectively, and were dependent on pH. The fluoride deposited from emissions accumulated in a superficial horizon of soil in quantities comparable to those in the manufactured end-products—up to 23,000 mg kg⁻¹. Fluoride distribution in the environment is controlled by physical–chemical parameters of emission, rain intensity and soil properties. The highest fluoride concentrations were registered at a close distance of up to 2 km from the factory. The distribution of fluoride in groundwater resembled the same distribution in rainwater due to the high permeability of the local soils. Fluoride penetration to the groundwater also depended on the type of vegetation cover. The groundwater in woodland areas was less affected by contamination of fluoride than in the grassland areas, most probably because of the influence of eucalyptus throughfall, which increases the pH of wet precipitates.     

溴甲酚紫-十六烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵法测定废水中阴离子表面活性剂含量

采用溴甲酚紫-十六烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵法测定洗涤剂工业的生产废水或生活污水中阴离子表面活性剂的含量。实验表明:适合的溶液pH为8,测定波长λmax为588nm,在十六烷基二甲基苄基溴离子质量浓度为15.0mg/mL的条件下,十二烷基苯磺酸钠质量浓度在0—50μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律,其摩尔吸光系数为3.48×104L/(mol·cm),该方法的相对标准偏差小于4%,试样加标平均回收率为96%-102%。该法可用于测定工业废水、河流等环境水样中的阴离子表面活性剂含量。     

无机矿质颗粒悬浮物对富营养化水体氨氮的吸附特性

利用蒙脱土、高岭土和太湖沉积物矿质组分3种材料,模拟研究了水体悬浮矿质颗粒物对富营养化水体中氨氮的吸附特性.实验表明,30min内3种材料对氨氮的吸附基本可达到平衡;等温平衡吸附均符合Henry吸附模式,在无机矿质颗粒悬浮物浓度1000mg/L,初始氨氮浓度1.0mg/L,pH=7.00实验条件下,吸附分配系数分别依次为548.30,287.36,191.27L/kg.相同实验条件下,随着pH、盐度和温度的增大或升高,矿质颗粒对氨氮的平衡吸附量均有不同程度的减小趋势,pH的影响较显著.随着悬浮颗粒物浓度在1000mg/L以下范围增大,固相氨氮平衡吸附量显著减小.     

纳米氧化物粒子对PVDF中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

采用相转化法制备纳米氧化物/聚偏氟乙烯复合中空纤维膜,讨论了纳米氧化钛和氧化铝粒子对PVDF膜结构和性能的影响.应用牛血清白蛋白截留实验、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱分别对不同膜的分离性能、微观结构和晶相组成进行了分析.结果表明,复合膜的性能与纯PVDF膜相比有显著地改善,其中纯PVDF膜、Al₂O₃/PVDF和TiO₂/PVDF复合膜对牛血清白蛋白的截留率分别为3.27%、67.20%和86.67%,复合膜的水通量则较纯PVDF膜分别提高2.3倍和2.6倍.氮气吸附实验测定的孔径分布进一步表明复合膜的孔径分布变窄,孔径变小.     

一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的效能及污泥特性

在氨氮浓度梯度升高的条件下,通过控制DO等方式在一体化CSTR反应器中实现了一体化全程自养脱氮(CANON—completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite).结果表明随进水氨氮浓度(76.05~583.93mg/L)的升高,系统的氨氮和总氮去除负荷逐渐提高,试验期间无亚硝态氮的积累,反应器后期在高氨氮进水下最高氨氮去除率84.4%,最高去除负荷0.42kg/(m3·d);最高总氮去除率72.0%,最高去除负荷0.35kg/(m3·d).污泥氧消耗速率实验得出好氧氨氧化菌的耗氧速率为169.46 mgO2/(gVSS·h)、硝酸化细菌的好氧速率为39.63 mgO2/(gVSS·h).采用总氮去除量和硝态氮产生量的比值(△TN /△NO3-)表征硝酸化反应对出水氨氮浓度的影响.试验进一步研究了反应器内污泥形态的变化,得出第102d的污泥粒径(86.36μm)比第30d(54.09μm)增加60%,污泥的SEM分析得出实验后期相对于前期污泥表面丝状菌减少,胞外聚合物增多.以上结果表明该反应器具备良好的造粒功能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的启动与稳定.     

工矿型绿洲农田土壤中氟和镉的剖面行为研究

以甘肃白银市城郊东区农田土壤为研究对象进行剖面取样、对土壤中氟和镉的剖面分布及行为进行研究.结果表明,在长期灌溉与降水渗水流作用下,F和Cd发生不同程度的淋溶迁移,F迁移深度达到80~100cm,Cd迁移深度在40~60cm,迁移程度为F>Cd;元素F和Cd都具有显著的负乘幂迁移规律,同时表现出不同的迁移态势,F 为高剂量时迁移率大,低剂量时迁移率小,但Cd呈现相反的迁移趋势.污水灌溉作为土壤污染物来源之一对土壤F和Cd累积和迁移有一定影响,F元素对当地地下水污染的威胁较大.     

Determination of fluoride and its effects on flavonoids in some legumes

The effects of fluoride (Fl) emission, from an aluminum (Al) reduction plant in Iran, on the concentration of Fl in six legume species were studied. In addition, the influence of Fl on leaf flavonoids was investigated. Determination of Fl in collected plants (Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Cercis siliquastrum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Medicago sativa L., Robinia peseudoacacia L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) from the factory area was performed using a Fl ion-selective electrode. Identification of flavonoids in the samples was obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography (2-D PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Controls were obtained from plants located 10 km distance from the factory. Results showed high Fl concentration in all polluted samples. Phytochemical changes in polluted leaves were observed with appearance or disappearance of some flavonoids.