Stem Growth of Picea Abies in South Western Sweden in the 10 Years Following Liming and Addition of PK and N

Liming and/or application of specific nutrients have been proposed as countermeasures to the acidification of forest soils in southern Sweden. In this study the stem growth of Picea abies (L.) Karst. growing on acidic mineral soils in SW Sweden was investigated 10 years after additions of lime (Ca; 3000 kg lime ha⁻¹), lime plus P (25 kg ha⁻¹) and K (80 kg ha⁻¹), or N in low doses (2 × 10 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) (treatments: CaPK, Ca, N, CaPKN, and 2Ca2P2K, respectively). Compared with the control, stem growth was increased following all treatments involving lime additions, including liming alone. The PK addition did not seem to affect growth. The most plausible cause of the observed growth increases was that the lime additions indirectly increased the supply of plant-available N. The annual low-dose N addition did not significantly affect growth. This suggests that air-borne deposition of N, which supplies very small doses of N throughout the year, has a minor or even negligible influence on P. abies growth.     

混合污泥接种的厌氧氨氧化处理污泥脱水液的启动

采用UASB反应器,接种由好氧颗粒污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥、氧化沟活性污泥及短程硝化活性污泥组成的混合污泥,以污泥脱水液经短程硝化处理后水质为进水,在温度(30±0.2)℃, pH值7.3~7.9,初期进水氨氮、亚硝氮容积负荷分别为0.07, 0.10kg/(m3×d)条件下,经过24d运行,氨氮和亚硝氮得到稳定同步去除,186d时TN去除负荷达0.99 kg/(m3×d).启动初期,氨氮、亚硝氮进水浓度分别为20,30mg/L,二者浓度随去除量增加而逐级增加,最高分别达到157,216mg/L;启动过程中,系统受到O2抑制以及O2和亚硝氮基质的连续抑制,分别经过了约10d和30d才得以恢复. 厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应与反硝化反应可以共存于系统中,产气量与总氮去除呈正比关系,可及时地指示系统运行状态,对气体成分检测,氮气含量在99.8%.在稳定期ANAMMOX反应呈pH值升高而碱度略有降低.接种混合污泥、低基质负荷启动ANAMMOX,可30d内实现稳定的氨氮和亚硝氮同步去除,180d左右启动成功.     

雪硅钙石与氟化钙处理低磷污水的实验研究

采用雪硅钙石与氟化钙组合进行了处理低磷生活污水的实验研究,考察了反应时间、温度、进水pH值和振荡速度四种因素对该组合去除低磷效果的影响。结果表明:除磷的最佳反应时间、温度、进水pH值和振荡速度分别为4h、24.3℃、9和200r/min;总磷去除率均随四种因素的增加而增大,但增幅各不同。该组合能够稳定、高效、低耗的处理低磷污水,具有推广的价值。     

膨胀蛭石同步脱铵除磷的影响因素研究

为探讨膨胀蛭石同步脱铵除磷能力,采用静态吸附实验考察了氨氮和磷酸盐共存时接触时间、粒径、pH值以及温度对膨胀蛭石去除氮磷效果的影响。结果表明,膨胀蛭石具有较好的同步脱铵除磷性能,在pH值为7,温度为25℃条件下,用1.00g粒径为80~100目膨胀蛭石对100mL氨氮和磷酸盐浓度分别为50mg/L和10mg/L的模拟污水处理4h后,氨氮和磷酸盐去除率分别达79.4%和93.0%,两者吸附过程均明显表现为"快速吸附,减速平衡"二阶段特征。中性条件下氨氮去除效果最好,酸性或碱性条件有利于磷酸盐去除,温度升高,氨氮去除率下降,磷酸盐去除率上升。等温吸附实验研究表明,膨胀蛭石对氨氮与磷酸盐的等温吸附线均较好的符合Langmuir方程。     

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent – Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent, the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated. The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL. The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5–10. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr, and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model. The intraparticle di usion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process. The high temperature was favorable to the ammonium adsorption by BPTL, indicating that the adsorption was endothermic. The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langmuir model and Freundlich model, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37, 5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15, 25 and 35°C, respectively, which were comparable to those by reported minerals. Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable. Therefore, the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

Fluoride removal from brackish groundwater by direct contact membrane distillation

The direct contact membrane distillation applied for fluoride removal from brackish groundwater was investigated.The self-prepared polyvinylidene fluoride membrane exhibited high rejection of inorganic salt solutes.The maximum permeate flux 35.6 kg/(m2 ·hr) was obtained with the feed solution at 80°C and the cold distillate water at 20°C.The feed concentration had no significant impact on the permeate flux and the rejection in fluoride.The precipitation of CaCO3 would clog the hollow fiber inlets and foul the membrane surface with increasing concentration factor when natural groundwater was used directly as the feed,which resulted in a rapid decline in the module efficiency.This phenomenon was diminished by acidification of the feed.The experimental results showed that the permeate flux and the quality of obtained distillate kept stable before concentration factor reached 5.0 with the acidified groundwater as feed.The membrane module efficiency began to decline gradually when the feed continued to be concentrated,which can be mainly attributed to the formation of CaF2 deposits on the membrane surface.In addition,a 300 hr continuous fluoride removal experiment of acidified groundwater was carried out with concentration factor at 4.0,the permeate flux kept stable and the permeate fluoride was not detected.     

竞争性阳离子对粉煤灰合成沸石除氨氮的影响

研究了四种竞争性阳离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)对三种改性粉煤灰合成沸石(Na沸石,Ca沸石,Al沸石)除氨氮能力的影响,并测定了合成沸石对四个湖泊水样(太湖、巢湖、洱海、抚仙湖)中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,与Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+比较,K+对合成沸石除氨氮影响大得多;而前三者的影响大小的顺序为Na+Ca2+Mg2+。在纯水中,或不同竞争性阳离子存在下,或天然湖泊水样中,Al沸石和Ca沸石对氨氮的去除能力均远高于Na沸石。太湖和巢湖主要含Na+和Ca2+;洱海水样主要含Ca2+;抚仙湖水样主要含Ca2+和Mg2+;但四个湖泊水样中K+的浓度均为最低。Al沸石和Ca沸石对四个天然湖泊水样中的氨氮具有良好的去除效果,去除率达77%～90%。     

常温下厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器的启动研究

以广东省某垃圾填埋场SBR池活性污泥为接种污泥,以含氮模拟废水为对象,研究了常温条件下UASB-Anammox生物膜反应器的启动情况。结果表明,UASB生物膜反应器运行97d后,NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除效率均可达90%以上,NH4+-N去除量、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之比为1:1.44:0.26,pH值稳定在8.5左右,污泥由黄褐色转为红褐色,成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器。启动成功后,将反应器温度从24℃降至18℃,总氮的去除率依然可以保持90%以上,表明常温下启动运行的厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器具有良好的温度适应性。     

锌对磷酸铵镁和磷酸钙结晶回收磷的影响

以模拟废水为对象,研究了pH及Zn2+浓度对磷酸铵镁(MAP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP)法除磷率的影响,并对不同Zn:P摩尔比条件下除磷所得产物进行了XRD物相分析。结果表明,锌磷共存条件下进行MAP和HAP法除磷,当pH在7.4～8.0时,Zn2+浓度越大,除磷率越高,随着pH继续增加,Zn2+浓度越大,除磷率反而越小。当pH为9.5时,Zn2+浓度从0增加到25mg/L时,MAP法的除磷率从91%下降到82%;而HAP法的除磷率从95%下降到92%,受Zn2+浓度影响较MAP法小。锌磷共存条件下的除磷产物中均含有Zn(3PO4)2,随着溶液中Zn:P增加,产物中Zn(3PO4)2含量越来越多,且HAP法除磷产物纯度受Zn2+浓度影响较MAP法大。     

Tolerance of Physocypria kraepelini （Crustacean, Ostracoda） to water-borne ammonia, phosphate and pH value

This study evaluated the median lethal concentration (LC50) and safe concentration of water-borne ammonia, phosphate and pH value on Physocypria kraepelini, a freshwater Ostracoda with a static renewal test system. The results indicated that the LC50 values of ammonia for P. kraepelini were 1026.71, 859.98, 771.79 and 583.82 mg/L at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, respectively, and the safe concentration range of ammonia for the long-term survival of P. kraepelini was less than 58.38 mg/L. The safe range of pH value for the survival of P. kraepelini was from 6.59 to 7.61. P. kraepelini has a high tolerance to ammonia, phosphate and pH value which are the main environmental factors in the serious eutrophication water.