Application of CREAM human reliability model to cargo loading process of LPG tankers

The storage and handling processes of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) constitutes a complex operational environment in the maritime mode of transportation. The LPG cargo is carried by specially designed ships called LPG tankers. The LPG cargo loading and discharging operations have always potential hazards. Thus, the crew on-board LPG tankers should be fully aware of operational risks during the cargo handling process, which includes various critical tasks such as drying, inerting, gassing-up, cooling, and reliquefaction. During these stages, human reliability (operation without failure) plays a crucial role in sustainable transportation of cargo. Human reliability analysis (HRA), related to various parameters such as the human factor, technology, and ergonomics, is always a critical consideration as regards maritime safety and environment. The main focus of the research is to systematically predict human error potentials for designated tasks and to determine the required safety control levels on-board LPG ships. The paper adopted CREAM (Cognitive reliability and error analysis method) basic and extended versions in order to assess human reliability along with the cargo loading process on-board LPG tanker ships. Specifically, the model is demonstrated with an operational case study. Consequently, the research provides should contribute to maritime safety at sea and prevention of human injury and loss of life on-board LPG ship.     

从某正样机的鉴定试验谈可靠性试验设计

介绍了在正样机定型质量控制过程中,强化鉴定试验可靠性设计方法研究。从编制鉴定试验大纲、方案评审、试验程序控制、试验数据分析、试验过程组织和技术能力提高等关键环节入手。确定正样机置信水平,得出正样机功能及主要性能满足战术技术指标要求。     

适应钝感弹药发展提高武器系统使用的安全性

为了适应钝感弹药发展的需求,利用冲击波汇聚技术和起爆理论,研究了环形、锥环形两种新型传爆药装药结构。试验表明,环形传爆药较圆柱形传爆药可减少药量约１５％ ,锥环形传爆药较圆柱形传爆药可减少药量约２６％ 。研究结果对于减少武器爆炸序列中敏感元件——传爆药的使用数量,进而提高武器系统使用安全性具有重要意义     

野战弹药环境安全的灰色模糊综合评判

战场环境安全评价是对野战弹药实施合理防护的前提。将灰色模糊数学理论应用于“弹药-野战环境”系统的安全评价,通过分析影响野战弹药安全的环境因素,建立了系统综合评价指标体系,在此基础上进行了系统综合评价并得到了满意的效果。     

基于神经网络的某型飞机的人-机-环境系统可靠性分析

提出了利用神经网络,对某型飞机人-机-环境系统的可靠性进行了分析的方法。该方法利用已有飞机本身的可靠性数据,综合考虑了飞机本身、环境条件影响、人为操作因素的影响。全面反映了各种因素共同作用下的系统可靠性,建模简单,对飞机系统可靠性分析具有现实意义。     

弹药塑料包装材料自然环境老化现象研究

通过对某小口径弹药塑料包装箱材料在户外、棚下和库内暴露试验,分析研究环境对塑料的力学性能、微观形貌及红外光谱的影响,研究了塑料老化的机理。认为太阳光是影响塑料老化的主要原因,塑料包装箱不宜在户外无遮避贮存。拉萨站处于高原地区,空气稀薄,大气中少尘埃,阳光的紫外线特别强。因此塑料在拉萨地区的老化也特别严重,户外暴露2年后,塑料试样的冲击强度下降了41%。     

基于事故树分析的野战弹药防护系统设计

合理确定战场防护需求是对野战弹药实施合理防护的前提。通过对野战弹药防护系统的分析,建立了野战弹药非战斗损耗事故树,对事故树进行了定性、定量分析,确定了野战弹药防护的主要内容,并在此基础上提出了野战弹药综合防护系统设计方案。     

高加速应力试验及其与传统试验的比较

阐述了高加速应力试验(即高加速寿命试验和高加速应力筛选)的目的和用途,以及用于强化设计的基本过程,指出了高加速应力试验的应力多样性、高加速性和不能评估可靠性等特性。并就试验目的,试验属性,试验应力及其确定依据,试验方案和试验时间,以及追求的最终结果等方面与传统试验进行了全面的比较,凸显了其在提高产品环境适应性和可靠性方面的明显优势。     

某钢厂工业输水管路系统可靠性分析

用事件树分析法对工业输水管道进行了系统可靠性分析和定量计算,得出了不同维修策略模型下系统的概率,有效地估计了维修策略对系统的影响,给出了提高管道系统安全性的建议.     

Inorganic pollution in water—the analyst's viewpoint†

Inorganic pollution comprises both major and minor constituents, although only 12 chemical elements may be considered major components. Twenty‐eight elements constitute a group of common minor elements and an additional 13 elements comprise a group of less common minor constituents. Reliable quantitative data are required on the occurrence of these substances in a wide variety of water types, usually at extremely low concentrations. The analysis of standard reference water samples provides information on the overall reliability of water‐quality data. Although most major constituents may be determined with acceptable reliability, determinations of certain minor constituents lack comparable precision; for example, determinations of boron, nickel, and chromium. Few precision data are available on the determination of the less common trace elements. Several comparatively new analytical techniques, such as flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, voltammetry, and emission spectroscopy with plasma excitation, appear capable of providing improved sensitivity.