上向流厌氧滤池(UAF)处理城市生活污水的运行效能

采用上向流厌氧滤池(UAF)处理实际生活污水,研究中温条件下水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对系统运行效果及优势产甲烷菌群的影响.结果表明,在35℃,HRT为24 h条件下,系统启动28 d后化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)去除率可达75%以上. HRT由24 h降至2. 5 h的过程中,COD去除率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在HRT为5h时最高,平均去除率为81. 71%,最高可达87. 18%,当降至2. 5 h后,COD去除率降至75. 12%.甲烷产率(每消耗单位质量底物产生的甲烷的量,以CH4/CODre计)及甲烷体积分数随HRT的降低而增高,HRT为2. 5h时为0. 30 L·g-1,甲烷体积分数维持在73%左右,经能耗核算后可得系统产能可满足蠕动泵能耗需求.对系统内主要的产甲烷菌进行定量分析表明,乙酸营养型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinales丰度最高,为优势菌群,随着HRT的逐渐降低,乙酸营养型和氢营养型产甲烷菌的丰度都有大幅度提高.     

EGSB厌氧发酵垃圾渗滤液制氢的启动特性研究

利用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB),对生活垃圾堆肥厂初期渗滤液的厌氧生物发酵制氢启动特性进行了研究,探讨了反应器对渗滤液中COD、总氮、总磷的去除效果和产氢能力.结果表明在中温35℃±1℃,有机负荷1.4~16.7 g/(L.d),pH为5.0~5.5的条件下,经过20 d的适应期后,EGSB反应器可以实现连续稳定产氢.在水力停留时间为30 h,液体上升流速为3.0 m/h的稳定运行阶段,最高产氢率为1 460 mL/(L.d),氢气含量为19%~33%,COD去除率为50%~70%,总磷、总氮的去除率稳定在40%~70%、32%~65%.液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸总含量占挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量的80%以上,发酵类型以乙醇发酵型为主.     

垃圾分类对碳减排的影响分析：以青岛市为例

城市生活垃圾(MSW)处理单元是重要的温室气体排放源,垃圾分类可以实现垃圾减量化和提高资源化利用率,但对于温室气体减排的影响还鲜见报道.以青岛市内4区为研究对象,基于生命周期评价方法,研究了垃圾分类前后不同生活垃圾处置模式下的温室气体排放情况.结果表明,垃圾分类可以显著降低处置全过程中的温室气体排放,模式1(混合收集+填埋)、模式2(混合收集+焚烧)、模式3(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化和其他焚烧)和模式4(垃圾分类+厨余垃圾厌氧消化、可回收垃圾资源化和其他焚烧)垃圾处理全过程净碳排放量(以CO₂/MSW计)分别为686.39、-130.12、-61.88和-230.17 kg·t^-1.提高厨余垃圾回收效率并不能显著降低碳排放.随着垃圾回收效率的提高,碳减排量呈线性增加,可回收垃圾回收效率每提高10%,其净碳排放量降低26.6%(16.5 kg·t^-1).适度分离餐厨垃圾、提高可回收垃圾回收效率和降低厨余垃圾厌氧消化沼气泄漏率是目前减少生活垃圾温室气体排放和社会成本的可行策略.     

基于高通量测序的ABR厌氧氨氧化反应器各隔室细菌群落特征分析

为明确厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)稳定运行厌氧氨氧化反应后各隔室微生物群落结构特征,本文采用Miseq高通量测序分析技术,对ABR厌氧氨氧化反应器5个隔室的微生物分布规律进行了研究,结果表明,ABR反应器中脱氮微生物多样性较为丰富,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占11.66%~20.28%,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)占2.18%~7.94%,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)占0.19%~6.30%.其中,在ABR反应器中变形菌门占据主导地位,主要包含Rhodoplanes、Dok59、Rubrivivax和Bdellovibrio等菌属,浮酶菌门次之,主要包含Candidatus brocadia和Candidatus kuenenia菌属.从第1~5隔室,污泥表观红色逐渐减退,趋向于灰黑色,Chao、ACE、Shannon、Simpson指数均表明微生物群落丰富度逐渐增加,且变形菌门微生物逐渐增加,而浮霉菌门微生物逐渐降低,这与基质的降解和功能微生物的富集规律相一致.     

Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

垂直、管式、折流生化反应器处理高浓度有机废水

介绍了厌氧——好氧两步法处理高浓度有机废水的机理、流程，分析了影响处理效率的因素．     

中型上流式厌氧污泥床处理甲醇废水启动初期工艺参数控制

介绍了上流式厌氧污泥床处理甲醇废水工业装置启动初期应注意的几个问题,包括温度控制,污泥搅拌,进水方式,进水浓度及异常情况处理等,给出了具全的工艺参数。     

利用厌氧生物发酵法处理缫丝企业废水

缫丝企业废水属中浓度有机污染废水，使用常规的物理、化学及生物方法处理十分困难，投资大。文章利用厌氧生物发酵法处理缫丝企业废水的同时，产生沼气，制造了沼肥，既达到清洁生产目的，又符合循环经济的要求。     

水产养殖废物厌氧水解液反硝化性能研究

养殖废物经过厌氧水解处理 ,其上清液中含有反硝化菌可以利用的有机物 ,分别对厌氧水解上清液和养殖废水进行反硝化处理 ,测定得到各自的反硝化速率分别为 0 0 13d- 1 和 0 0 0 17d- 1 ,表明利用厌氧水解液进行反硝化处理 ,可以极大提高养殖废水的反硝化处理效率     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(9), 1164–1169 [译自: 环境科学学报]